Animal Parasites 



AND 



Parasitic Diseases 



BY 

B. F. KAUPP, D. V. S. 

INSTRUCTOR IN PARASITOLOGY, KANSAS CITY VETERINARY COLLEGE. 

LATE VETERINARY INSPECTOR, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

SECRETARY OF THE MISSOURI VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION. 

LATE PRESIDENT OF THE MISSOURI (STATE) VETERINARY MEDICAL 

ASSOCIATION. 

MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, ETC 



CHICAGO 

ALEXANDER EGER 

1908 



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fClBHARY of OCNGRESSl 

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Copyrighted at Washington, D. C, by 

ALEXANDER EGER 

1908 



DANIELS CO. PRESS. CHICAGO 



PREFACE. 

In my twelve years' experience in teaching para- 
sitology, I have felt the want of a concise text-book 
incorporating the names of the common parasites 
of the domestic animals, and it is with this in mind 
that I now dedicate this work to the student and 
to the busy practitioner. 

The work is divided into four chapters, treating 
of the following subjects, viz. : External Parasites, 
Internal Parasites, Protozoa, Preparation of Speci- 
mens. 

The names of the parasites are arranged in 
tabular form at the beginning of each of the first 
three chapters. In the first column of the table 
will be found the Branch ; in the second the Class ; 
in the third the Order ; in the fourth the Family 
and in the last the Genus and Species, names by 
which we know the parasites. By reference to 
this table one can trace each species at a glance 
down through the classification to the starting 
point, — the Branch. 

Each parasite is dealt with in the order of the 
tabulation. 

The facts about each are noted under the head- 
ings : Synonym, Distribution, Description, Life 



4 PREFACE. 

Cycle, Animals Infested, Parts Infested, Conditions 
Produced (pathological anatomy), Symptoms, and 
Treatment. (The latter when treatment is of any 
avail.) 

My student, Mr. C. D. Folse, has greatly aided 
me in illustrating this book by making pen drawings 
from the more common parasites in my collection. 
These are natural size and according to measure- 
ments. 

The photomicrographs are made by myself with 
an ordinary kodak placed over the ocular lens of 
the miscroscope and given time exposure. By gas- 
light the exposure was from three to five minutes. 

The Author. 

Kansas City, Mo. , September, 1908. 



CONTEXTS. 

PAGE 

INTRODUCTORY 9 

CHAPTER I. 
Ectozoa (Classification of the Common External 

Parasites — Ectozoa) 1 2 

Branch Arthropoda 12 

Class Insecta (Insect Parasites) 12-15 

Order Diptera 16 

Order Siphonaptera 31 

Order Hemiptera 33 

Class Arachnida 41 

Order Acarina 41 

Order Linguatulida 71 

Fungi 72 

CHAPTER II. 
Entozoa 76 

Branch Vermes 76 

Class Annelida 76 

Order Discophori SO 

Class Nemathelmintha SI 

Order Nematoda SI 

Order Acanthocephala 136 

Class Plathelmintha 77- 7 9 

Order Trematoda 138 

Order Cestoda 148 

CHAPTER III. 
Protozoa (Classification of the More Common 

Parasitic Protozoa) 174 

Branch Protozoa 174 

5 



6 CONTENTS. 

Class Flagella 174-175 

Order Monadida 175 

Class Sporozoa 174-181 

Order Coccidia 181 

Order Sarcosporidia 181-186 

Order Hemasporidia 181-187 

Class Amoeba 193 

CHAPTER IV. 

To Preserve Insect Parasites 195 

To Mount Ectozoa 195 

To Preserve Entozoa 195 

To Stain and Mount Entozoa 196 

Preservation of Museum Specimens 197 

To Prepare Specimens to be Sent to the Labo- 
ratory 197 

Technique of Staining the Protozoa in Blood 

Cells 198 

To Stain the Trypanosoma 198 

To Stain Coccidia Sarcosporidia or Amoeba 
Meleagridis in Tissues 199 



A LIST OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS. 

FIGURE PAGE 

1 — Cayor Fly, Larva 21 

2 — Melophagus Ovinus, Adult 26 

3 — Melophagus Ovinus, Pupa 26 

4 — Gastrophilus Equi, Larva 27 

5 — Oestrus Ovis, Larva 28 

6 — Hypoderma Lineata, Larva 30 

7 — Hematopinus Suis 37 

8 — Trichodectes Scalaris 39 

9 — Trichodectes Scalaris, Ovum 40 



CONTENTS. 7 

10 — Psoroptes Communis, Variety Ovis, Male 51 

11 — Psoroptes Communis, Variety Bovis, Females 52 

12 — Psoroptes Communis, Variety Ovis, Head 53 

13 — Psoroptes Communis, Variety Bovis, Head 53 

14 — Demodex Folliculorum, Variety Canis, Stages of Devel- 
opment 60 

15 — Demodex Folliculorum, Variety Canis, Adult Male 60 

16 — Red Mange. Photograph of two pups 62 

17 — Argas Miniatus, Larvae 63 

18 — Ornithodoros Megnini, Larva 64 

19 — Boophilus Annulatus, Larva 64 

20 — Dermacentor Electus, Larva 64 

21— Amblyomma Americanum, Larva 70 

22 — Spiroptera Scutata 82 

23 — Spiroptera Megastoma 83 

24 — Spiroptera Microstoma 83 

25-Filaria Papillosae 86 

26— Ascaris Megalocephala 90 

27— Ascaris Ovis , 91 

28^Ascaris Suis 92 

29— Ascaria Marginata 94 

30 — Oxyuris Curvula, Female 96 

31 — Strongylus Arnfieldi, Caudal Extremity of the Male. ..102 
32 — Strongylus Arnfieldi, Ova in Process of Segmentation. ...103 

33— Strongylus Arnfieldi, Head Part 103 

34 — Strongylus Arnfieldi, Caudal Extremity of Female 101 

35— Strongylus Arnfieldi, Male and Female _ 103 

36 — Strongylus Contortus, Male and Female 107 

37 — Strongylus Armatus, Male and Female 109 

38 — Strongylus Armatus, Caudal Extremity of Male 110 

39 — Strongylus Armatus, Larva Ill 

40— Sclerostoma Tetracanthum, Male and Female..... 113 

41 — Stephanurus Dentatus, Male and Female 115 



8 CONTENTS. 

42 — Oesophagostoma Inflatum, Male and Female 118 

43 — Oesophagostoma Inflatum, Cephalic Extremity 119 

44 — Oesophagostoma Inflatum, Caudal Extremity of Male.. 119 
45— Oesophagostoma Inflatum, Caudal Extremity of Fe- 
male 120 

46— Oesophagostoma Columbianum, Male and Female 121 

47 — Nodular Disease 122 

48— Oesophagostoma Dentatum, Male and Female 124 

49 — Uncinaria Radiata, Male and Female 124 

50 — Uncinaria Canina, Male and Female 127 

51 — Uncinaria Canina, Caudal Extremity of Male 127 

52— Uncinaria Canina, Cephalic Extremity 128 

53 — Uncinaria Canina, Section of Body of Female 128 

54 — Uncinaria Canina, Caudal Extremity of Female 128 

55 — Trichocephalus Depressiusculus, Male and Female 130 

56— Trichocephalus Afflnis, Male and Female 132 

57 — Echinorhynchus Gigas, Female 136 

58— Echinorhynchus Gigas, Cephalic Extremity 137 

59 — Distoma Hepaticum 140 

60 — Distoma Americanus 144 

61 — Cysticercus Cellulosae 152 

62 — Taenia Expansa of Ox 156 

63 — Taenia Expansa of Sheep 157 

64— Taenia Alba of Sheep 158 

65 Taenia Fimbriata 159 

66— Taenia Marginata 160 

67 — Cysticercus Tenuicollis 161 

68 — Taenia Canina 170 

69— Surra; Photograph of Horse 177 

70 — Trypanosoma Evansi 176 

71 — Sarcocystis Miescheri, Longitudinal Section 184 

72— Sarcocystis Miescheri, Cross Section 185 

73— Piroplasma Ovis 190 



PARASITOLOGY. 

INTRODUCTORY. 

The study of parasites is called parasitology. 
The study of worms is called helminthology. 
The condition of an animal infested with parasites 
is called parasitism. 

Organisms that live upon different hosts are called 

FACULTATIVE PARASITES. 

Organisms that pass their entire life upon a single 
host cause constant parasitism. 

Parasites that visit their host for nourishment 
only, as is the habit of blood-sucking flies, are 

INTERMITTENT PARASITES. 

Parasites that pass part of their life external to 
their host, as species of the bot-fly family, are tran- 
sitory PARASITES. 

Parasites that can live only upon one species of 
animals are called obligatory parasites. 

Animal parasites are separated into two divisions, 
viz.: Ectozoa, or external parasites, and Entozoa, 
or internal parasites. 

Ectozoa (ektos — without, zoa — animal) are those 
parasites that live outside the body. 

Entozoa (entos — within, zoa — animal) are those 
parasites that live within the body. 

A Parasite is an organism, animal or vegetable, 
that lives upon another organism, animal or veg- 
etable. 

Parasites are placed in three branches, viz.: Arth- 
ropoda, Vermes, and Protozoa. 

9 



10 PARASITOLOGY. 

The Arthropoda are those parasites that are pro- 
vided with jointed legs. This branch is divided into 
two classes, viz.: Insecta and Arachnida. 

Under the class Insecta are placed the orders : 
Diptera, Siphonaptera and Hemiptera. 

The order Diptera includes the following families, 
viz.: 

Culicidae, which include the gnats and mosquitoes. 

Simuliidae, which include the buffalo gnat. 

Tabanidae, which include the horse and ox flies. 

Muscidae, which include the horn=fly, the horse= 
fly, etc. 

Hippoboscidae, which include the sheep-tick. 

Oestridae, which include the bot-flies. 

The order Siphonaptera includes the fleas. 

Under the order Hemiptera are placed the follow- 
ing families, viz.: 

Pediculidae, which include the blood-sucking lice. 

Philopteridae, which include biting lice. 

Liotheidae, which include lice of birds. 

The first two families live upon mammals. 

The class Arachnida includes the orders Acarina 
and Linguatulida. 

The order Acarina includes the families Ixodidae, 
Argasidae, Gamasidae, Trombidiidae, Acaridae. 

The family Acaridae is divided into sub-families, 
Sarcoptidae and Demodecidae. 

The families Ixodidae and Argasidae include the 
ticks. 

The family Gamasidae includes minute parasites 
of birds and small animals. 

The family Trombidiidae includes the chiggers. 



PARASITOLOGY. 11 

The sub-family Sarcoptidae includes the scab or 
mange parasites. 

The sub-family Demodecidae includes the follicu= 
lar or red mange parasite. 

The order Linguatulidae includes a parasite which 
in the adult state infests the nasal chambers of the 
dog, etc. 



CHAPTER I. 

CLASSIFICATION OF THE COMMON EXTERNAL 
PARASITES. 

Branch Arthropoda 

Class Insecta 

Order Diptera 

Family Culicidae 

Genus and Species Culex Pipiens. 

Culex Pungens. 

Anopheles Punctipennis. 

Stegomia Fasciata. 

Family Simuliidae 

Genus and Species Simulium Pecuarum. 

Family Tabanidae 

Genus and Species Tabanus Atratus. 

Tabanus Lineola. 

Family Muscidse 

Genus and Species Musca Domestica. 

Musca Vomitoria. 

Lucilia Macellaria. 

Sarcophaga Carnaria. 

Glossina Morsitans. 

Hematobia Serrata. 

Stomoxys Calcitrans. 

Family Hippoboscidaj.. 

Genus and Species Melophagus Ovinus. 

Family Oestrida? 

Genus and Species Gastrophilus Equi. 

Gastrophilus Hemorrhoi- 
dal is. 

Oestrus Ovis. 

Hypoderma Lineata. 
Order Siphonaptera (.Siphon — tube; a — with- 
out; pteron— wing.) 
Family Pulicidaj 

12 



PARASITOLOGY. 13 

Genus and Species Pulex Irritans. 

Pulex Serraticeps. 

Pulex Avium. 

Order Hemiptera .." 

Family Pediculidae 

Genus and Species Hematopinus Asini. 

Hematopinus Euryster- 
nus. 

Hematopinus Vituli. 

Hematopinus Suis. 

Hematopinus Piliferus. 

Hematopinus Stenopsis. 

Family Philoptendae .... 

Genus and Species Trichodectes Pilosus. 

Trichodectes Scalaris. 

Trichodectes Spheroce- 
phalus. 

Trichodectes Latus. 

Trichodectes Subrostra- 
tus. 

Family Liotheidae 

Genus and Species Menopon Pallidum. 

Menopon Biseriatum. 

Class Arachnida 

Order Acarina 

Family Gamasidae 

Genus and Species Dermanyssus Gallinae. 

Family Trornbidiidae 

Genus and Species Trombidium Holoseri- 

cium. 

Leptus Irritans. 

Family Acaridse ... 

Sub-Family Sarcoptidse.. 

Genus and Species Sarcoptes Scabei Var. 

Equi. 

Sarcoptes Scabei Var. 
Canis. 

Sarcoptes Scabei Var. 
Suis. 



14 PARASITOLOGY. 

Genus and Species — Continued Sarcoptes Scabei Var. 

Ovis. 
Sarcoptes Scabei Var. 

Caprae. 
Sarcoptes Mutans. Var. 

Gallinae. 
Psoroptes Communis 

Var. Equi. 
Psoroptes Communis 

Var. Bovis. 
Psoroptes Communis 

Var. Ovis. 
Psoroptes Communis 

Var. Caprae. 
Symbiotes Communis 

Var. Equi. 
Symbiotes Communis 

Var. Bovis. 
Symbiotes Communis 

Var. Ovis. 
Symbiotes Communis 

Var. Caprae. 
Svmbiotes Auricularum 

Var. Canis. 
Cytodites Nudus. 

Family Acaridae 

Sub-Family Demodecidae 

Genus and Species Demodex Folliculorum 

Var. Equi. 
Demodex Folliculorum 

Var. Bovis. 
Demodex Folliculorum 

Var. Ovis. 
Demodex Folliculorum 

Var. Suis. 
Demodex Folliculorum 

Var. Canis. 
Demodex Folliculorum 

Var. Cati. 
Family Argasidae 



PARASITOLOGY. 15 

Genus and Species Argas Miniatus. 

Ornithodoros Megnini. 

Family Ixodidae 

Genus and Species Rhipicephalus Sangui- 
neus. 
Ixodes Ricinus. 
Boophilus Annulatus. 
Boophilus Australis. 
Dermacentor Electus. 
Amblyomma American- 
um. 

Order Linguatulida 

Genus and Species Linguatula Rhinaria. 

Fungi Trichophyton Tonsur- 
ans. 
Achorion Schoenleinii. 
Achorion Keratophagus. 
Saccharomyces Albicans. 
Actinomyces Bovis. 

INSECT PARASITES. 

The life cycle of most insect parasites is divided 
into four stages, viz.: oval, larval, pupal and adult. 

The oval stage is the first stage — the egg. 

The larval stage is the second stage — the stage in 
which the insect is a worm. 

The pupal stage is the third stage — that metamor- 
phosis passed through in a dirt or membranous sac ; 
the cocoon. 

The adult is the fourth stage — the mature state. 

Some insect parasites do not pass through the oval 
stage. 

Those parasites belonging to the class insecta, 
anatomically speaking may be divided into three 
parts, viz.: The head, the thorax and the abdomen. 

The head is provided with two eyes, two antennae 
(feelers) and the mouth parts. 



16 PARASITOLOGY. 

The antennae are composed of segments (joints 
or articles) which vary in number according to the 
species. 

The mouth parts are provided with a proboscis 
for piercing the skin and sucking blood, or with an 
apparatus for sucking up liquid substances. 

The thorax of those belonging to the order Diptera 
is provided with three pair of legs and one pair of 
wings. Those we study under the orders Hemiptera 
and Siphonaptera are provided with three pair of 
legs only. 

With regard to reproduction, the female may lay 
the ova, larva, or ova containing the larva fully de- 
veloped. 

The insect laying the ova is called oviparous 
(ova — egg, parous — to bring forth). 

The insect producing the larva is called vivipar= 
OUS (vivo — living, parous — to bring forth). 

The parasite producing the egg with the larva 
fully developed within is called ovoviviparous 

THE FLIES. 

Mosquitoes — (Musca — fly, ito — small.) 
History. — Mosquitoes are found in all parts of the 
world, from the cold countries of the north to the 
hot countries of the south. One hundred and fifty 
species have been described. More than thirty spe- 
cies are found in the United States. Among the 
common species may be named the Culex Pungens, 
Culex Pipiens, Culex Equinus, Stegomia Fasciata, 
and Anopheles Punctipennis. 

Description. — Mouth parts provided with lancet-like 
piercing mandibles ; long, slender body ; delicate, 



PARASITOLOGY. 17 

gauzy wings ; antennae composed of fourteen seg- 
ments; three pair of long and slender legs; one 
pair of eyes. 

Life Cycle. — The ova are laid in boat-shaped masses 
on the surface of the water. The larvae are small, 
black, worm-like bodies, with forked tails in which 
are placed the breathing tubes. They are noted to 
come with this end to the surface of the water for 
the purpose of obtaining oxygen. They are found 
in cisterns, ponds and pools of water everywhere, 
and are commonly called wigglers. They pass this 
stage in seven days, if conditions are favorable. 
The pupal stage is passed in twenty-four hours. 

The ova hatch in from sixteen to twenty-four 
hours. 

Animals Attacked. — Among the species that attack 
man and beast are the Culex Pipiens. The Culex 
Equinus especially attacks the horse. The genera 
Anopheles and Stegomia furnish species which attack 
man and communicate the protozoa producing mala- 
ria and yellow fever. 

Parts Infested. — The attack is made upon the skin, 
principally in the evening and at night, by means of 
the stylet of its rostrum. In piercing the skin it 
instills a poison which produces inflammation, itching 
and swelling. 

Prophylactic Treatment. — It has been suggested to 
put fish in the ponds and large bodies of water, to 
consume the larvae. Kerosene, one ounce to each 
fifteen square feet, of water, will prevent deposit of 
ova. Cisterns and wells should be kept screened. 
No tin cans or other means of providing pools of 
water should be allowed, in which mosquitoes might 



18 PARASITOLOGY. 

propagate. Houses should be screened. Sleeping 
rooms may be smoked with pyrethrum. The py- 
rethrum should be molded into cones and dried. 
These cones, when lighted, will smoulder for a long 
time, and give off a pungent odor which does not 
kill the mosquitoes, but stupefies them, rendering 
them harmless. 

Simulium Pecuarum (Pecus — cattle, simulo — to simulate.) 

Synonym. — Buffalo gnat. 

History. ^Found in the South, along the Mississ- 
ippi river and its tributaries. Their destructive effect 
upon animals dates back as far as 1850. 

Description. — A small black fly ; abdomen broad 
and thick ; thorax short, thick and provided with a 
hump from which it gets its common name, resem- 
bling the hump of a buffalo. The antennae are com- 
posed of eleven segments. Its wings are wide and 
short, and its three pair of legs are thick and short. 

Life Cycle. — The adult flies are found from April 
until after June. They lay from 5,000 to 10,000 eggs 
in a compact mass on some object directly over the 
water's edge. Upon hatching, the larva falls into 
the water. The larva is composed of twelve joints. 
It fastens itself to rocks and other objects in the 
river bed, often loosening its hold and floating in the 
current till another favorable place is found. The 
larva is carnivorous. The pupal stage is passed in a 
tough brown cocoon with the upper part open. This 
cocoon is fastened to sticks and other objects in the 
water. 

Animals Infested. — They attack the animals, as 
horses and cattle, in swarms. By means of their 



PARASITOLOGY. 19 

rostrum they pierce the skin, suck the blood and in- 
still a poison into the wound which produces inflam- 
mation and pain. The animals may inhale the small 
insects in numbers, and in this way they produce 
irritation which results in mechanical injury, causing 
bronchitis and pneumonia. Many animals die. The 
greatest loss among live stock has been reported in 
the lower Mississippi Valley. 

Treatment. — Rub parts affected with five percent 
ammonia water. In weak animals give stimulants, 
as carbonate of ammonia, one dram to one pint of 
whiskey, three times a day. Keep animal in cool, 
dark stable. Solutions of quassia, tobacco and oil 
of tar are often applied externally as a preventive. 

Tabanus Atratus (Ater — black;. Horse-fly. 

Synonyms. — Mourning horse-fly ; large black horse- 
fly; black gad-fly; breeze-fly. 

History. — Widely distributed throughout the United 
States. 

Descriptioii. — The largest fly of the family Taban- 
idae. It measures about one inch in length. Entire 
fly is black. The wings are large, and set almost at 
right angles with the body. Its head is provided 
with a powerful proboscis. 

Life Cycle. — The adult fly lays her eggs in moist 
places ; they hatch into larvae composed of twelve 
segments each. The pupal stage is passed in the 
ground, and lasts only a few days. The pupae are 
nearly an inch and a quarter in length. The adult 
emerges from the pupa by splitting the case length- 
wise. 

Animals Attacked. — Horses and cattle are attacked 



20 PARASITOLOGY. 

during the warmer parts of the day. By means of 
its powerful proboscis it pierces the skin and sucks 
the blood. Often a drop of blood oozes from the 
point of puncture after the insect has left the animal. 
They do not attack the animal in swarms, as does 
the buffalo gnat, nor is the bite so poisonous. 
Horses and cattle will flee from the buzzing sound 
of the fly. 

Tabanus Lineola (Linea — line). 

Synonym. — Green-head horse-fly. 

History. — Found in all parts of the United States. 
Most abundant in the prairie districts. 

Description. — This fly is about the size of- the honey 
bee. Its head is provided with a powerful proboscis 
for sucking blood, and is a brilliant green. Its ab- 
domen is elongated and brownish in color. 

Life Cycle. — The life cycle is similar to that of the 
Tabanus Atratus, passing its oval, larval and pupal 
stages in moist places. 

Animals Attacked. — They attack horses and cattle 
during the warm part of the day. They do not fly in 
cold or damp weather, and die with the frosts of au- 
tumn. They do not make their attack in large numbers. 

Musca Domestica (Domus — a house, Musca — fly). 

Synonym. — House-fly. 

History. — Found in all parts of the world. 

Description. — Medium size ; grayish in color. Its 
head is provided with a trumpet-shaped suctorial ap- 
paratus for sucking up liquid substances. 

Life Cycle. — Oviparous. The eggs are oval in 
shape and white in color. They breed in manure 
and door-yard filth. 



PARASITOLOGY. 21 

Animals Attacked. — They produce irritation by their 
numbers upon the skin or wounds of any animal, and 
by imbibing the exudate and perspiration. They 
carry germs from the wounds or excreta of one ani- 
mal to another. 

Musca Vomitoria (Vomitoria — causes vomiting, musca — fly.) 
Synonyms. — Blow-fly; bluebottle fly; calliphora 
vomitoria. 

History. — Found widely distributed. 
Description. — The fly is about four times the size 
of a house-fly. Its eyes are brownish in color ; thorax 
and abdomen bluish green. 

Life Cycle. — The eggs are oval in shape and white 
in color. They are deposited on decomposing ani- 
mal and vegetable matter, in the wounds of animals 
and in fresh manure and garbage. When the weather 
is hot the eggs hatch in a very few hours. The 
larvae are called maggots, and develop rapidly. 
On reaching maturity the maggots, if in a wound, 
drop to the ground and pass through the pupal stage 
in a short time. 

Lucilia Macellaria. 
Synonyms. — Screw-worm fly ; compsomyia macel- 
laria ; cayor fly. 

History. — Found throughout the world. Its great- 
est damage is done in hot 
climates. 

Description. — The fly is 
about one-half inch in length 
Fi^ i-Cayor Fly Larva. and of a bluish green color. 

a. Ventral View; b, Side View. j t has three longitudinal 

black stripes on the dorsal surface of the thorax. 




22 PARASITOLOGY. 

The head is yellowish or reddish in color. The 
thorax and abdomen are covered with short, stiff 
black hairs. 

Life Cycle. — The time at which the fly appears de- 
pends upon the latitude. In Texas and Louisiana 
they appear in June and last till autumn. The female 
is oviparous, and lays as many as 200 eggs at one 
laying. The larvae invade the wounds of animals, 
and also decaying matter. The eggs hatch in about 
nine hours, and the larvae develop rapidly. The 
head part of the larva is provided with two teat-like 
projections, and two hooklets. The segments are 
also provided with hooklets. Its general appearance 
is like that of a screw, from which it gets its name 
(screw-worm). In the wound they are found bur- 
rowing into adjacent tissue, with the posterior ex- 
tremity upright. While these are developing other 
eggs are laid in the wound. The pupae are brown 
in color, and about two-fifths of an inch in length. 
The pupal stage is passed in the ground, in ten days. 

Treatment . — Chloroform injected into the wound 
will destroy them ; also creolin or carbolic acid 
solutions. Curet or forceps may be used in remov- 
ing them. The wound can then be treated with the 
zinc and lead solution, made as follows : 

1^ Zinc sulph 5vi 

Lead, acetate 5i 

Water Oi 

Sarcophaga Carnaria (Sarcophagous — flesh-eating). 
(Carnivora — dead meat). 

Synonyms. — Flesh fly ; gray carnivorous fly; car- 
nivorous sarcophagus. 



PARASITOLOGY. 23 

History. — Distributed throughout the world. It 
was first described in 1761 by Linnaeus. 

Description. — The fly is about the size of the musca 
vomitoria, and is grayish in color. Its markings 
are similar to those of the house-fly. 

Life Cycle. — The female is viviparous; lays the 
larvae on fresh meat or in the wounds of animals. 
The fully developed larvae seek a secluded place 
and in a few days pass through the pupal stage. 

Glossina Morsitans (Glossus — tongue; Morsitans — biting.) 

Synonym. — Tse' Tse' fly. 

History. — It is found in swamps and river-bottoms 
in Central Africa. 

Description. — It is a little larger than the common 
house-fly. The piercing stylet of its proboscis is 
barbed, and is twice as long as its head. The thorax 
is orange colored, with four black lines on the dorsal 
side. The abdomen is yellowish white and the wings 
are dark in color. 

Afiimals Attacked. — All animals except the ele- 
phant, zebra and hen are attacked. It pierces the 
skin instantly, drawing blood. It inoculates the an- 
imal with the Trypanosoma Brucii, the protozoa 
producing Nagana. 

Condition Produced. — The protozoon lives in the 
blood ; high elevation of temperature — 104° to 106.5°; 
anemia; oedema in region ©f the head,' neck and 
abdomen ; nasal catarrh, conjunctivitis, etc. 

Post Mortem Findings. — Enlargement of lymph 
glands and liver ; spleen dark colored and friable ; 
petechia and hemorrhages in the serous membranes; 
atrophy of fat tissue and muscular structure. 



24 PARASITOLOGY. 

Hematobia Serrata (Hema— blood; bios— life; serra— saw.) 

Syyionyms. — Horn-fly; saw-fly. 

History. — It was introduced into this country in 
1887 by an importation of cattle from Europe. It 
first appeared around Philadelphia, and in a few 
years was found in all parts of the country. 

Description. — A small black fly, about one-third 
the size of the common house-fly. When at rest 
the wings are nearly parallel with the body. 
The head is provided with a proboscis for sucking 
blood. 

Life Cycle. — The flies appear with warm weather, 
and die with the frosts of autumn. The eggs are 
oval in shape and brown in color, and are laid in the 
fresh feces. The eggs are nearly straight along one 
side and the larva emerges from the shell by raising 
a long, ribbon-shaped strip at this side. The ovum 
hatches in about twenty-four hours. The larvae 
reach their fully developed stage in about five days. 
They then burrow into the ground about half an 
inch, where they pass the pupal stage, which lasts 
about eight days. 

Animals Attacked. — Cattle are most often attacked, 
the flies attacking them in large swarms, burying 
themselves in the hair and sucking the blood. In 
rainy weather they are found to attack the animal 
under the belly. At night they may be found in 
clusters around the horns. 

Conditions Produced. — The constant harassing of 
the animal by large numbers of the flies causes milch 
cows to fall off in the yield of milk. Fattening and 
other animals do not thrive. 

Treatment. — Fish-oil and tar, equal parts, will keep 



PARASITOLOGY. 25 

the flies away. Coal-tar solutions, such as creolin 
and kreso, keep the flies away for only a short 
time. 

Stomoxys Calcitrans (Stoma — mouth, calcitro — sting). 

Synonyms. — Stomoxys stabulans; stable-fly; sting- 
ing fly. 

History. — Widely distributed, they appear in the 
latter part of summer. They were first described in 
1761. 

Description. — It is about the size of the house-fly. 
When at rest the wings are nearly at right angles. 
The head is provided with a solid, elongated stylet- 
shaped proboscis, bent near its base. 

Life Cycle. — The ova are laid in the fresh feces, 
where the larval stage is passed. The pupal stage 
is passed in the ground. 

Animals Attacked. — It enters- stables and attack? 
horses and cattle. Its bite is severe, causing vesi- 
cles, which rupture and produce scab ; the hair be- 
comes erect and the legs become sore. This fly has 
been thought to carry the germs of anthrax and of 
glanders, by attacking healthy animals soon after 
diseased ones have been feasted upon. 

Melophagus Ovinus (Mallos — wool, phagein — to eat). 

Synonyms — Sheep-tick ; louse-fly. 

Description. — The head is small and sunken in the 
thorax. It is provided with a tubular- shaped pro- 
boscis adapted for piercing the skin and sucking the 
blood. The thorax is distinctly separated from the 
abdomen, and is provided with three stout pair of 
legs, which are covered with hair. The last seg- 



26 PARASITOLOGY. 

ment of each leg is provided with a bi-dentatedclaw. 
The abdomen is large, and globular in shape. 

Life Cycle. — The female lays eight to ten young in 
the form of pupae. The pupal case is ovoid in 
shape and brown in color, and is cemented to a few 
fibres of wool. These hatch in about four weeks. 

Animals Infested. — They are found most abundant 
on long-wooled sheep. After shearing they have a 
tendency to leave the sheared sheep for the lambs. 




Fig. 2— Melophagus Ovinus. Fig. 3— Melophagus Ovinus 

a, Head with Piercing Rostrum. Pupa. 

b, Thorax, with 3 Pair of Legs. a, Pupa. 

c, The Large, Globular Abdomen. b, Wool Fibers. 

They live upon blood of the host, and grease or yolk 
of the wool. At point of puncture there is injected 
a small quantity of poison, which causes irritation 
and swelling. 

Symptoms. — The infested sheep rubs, scratches and 
bites itself. When present in large numbers these 
parasites cause unthriftiness and debility. 

Treatment. — The sheep dip or kerosene emulsion 

will kill them. 

(Gaster — stomach ) 
Gastrophilus Equi (Equi — horse) 

(Phileo — to love). 

Synonyms. — Horse bot-fly; oestrus equi ; gad-fly. 
History. — They were described by the earliest 
writers and are universally found. 

Description. — A fly about the size of a honey-bee ; 



PARASITOLOGY. 



27 



body heavy, and covered with soft, yellowish hair. 
Theeyes aresmall. The female is provided with along 
ovipositor. The posterior of the male is rounded. 

Life Cycle. — The eggs are oval in shape, light yel- 
low in color, and are cemented to the hair of the 
animal attacked, principally in the region of the jaws 
and fore limbs. The fly hovers over the region on 
which the egg is to be deposited, then darts down, 
cements it to the hair in an instant, retreats a few 
feet, hovers again, then deposits another egg. The 
cap or operculum is pushed off the large end, through 
which the young grub escapes 
when the egg is hatched. 
The eggs hatch in three 
weeks. The animal, by lick- 
ing, gets the larva into its 
mouth ; the larva finds its way 
to the stomach, attaches it- 
self to the pyloric portion 
by means of two hooklets 
(small hooks) and remains there ten months. Upon 
reaching the fully developed larval state it loosens 
its hold, passes out to the ground with the feces, 
burrows into the ground one inch and there passes 
through the pupal stage, which lasts from four to 
six weeks. 

Animal Attacked. — The horse. 

Part Infested. — The stomach. 

Injury to Host. — Seldom if ever any injury. 




Fig-. 4— Gastrophilus 
Larva. 

a, Dorsal View. 

b, Ventral View. 



Equi 



Gastrophilus Hemorrhoidalis (Gaster — stomach) 

(Phileo — to love). 

Synonyms. — Oestrus hemorrhoidalis ; red-tailed 
bot-fly; bot-fly of horse. 



28 PARASITOLOGY. 

History. — Found in common with the Gastrophilus 
Equi in North America and Europe. 

Description. — Not so large as the Gastrophilus 
Equi. The thorax is covered with olive-gray hair ; 
a black band is found in the middle. The abdomen 
is white in front, black in its median part, and orange 
red at the posterior end. 

Life Cycle. — The eggs are oval in shape and black 
in color. The larvae are taken into the mouth and 
swallowed, and then, by means of two hooklets, at- 
tach themselves to the mucous membrane of the 
digestive tract. They are found mostly in the right 
and left sacks of the stomach. They may loosen 
their hold and become attached at another point. 
They often become attached to the rectum, causing 
itching, and rubbing of the tail. The pupal stage 
lasts from four to six weeks, and is passed in the 
ground. 

Animal Attacked. — The horse. 

Parts Infested. — Stomach and intestines. 

Oestrus Ovis (Oestrus — gad-fly; ovis — sheep). 

Synonyms. — Cephalemyia ovis (cephalo — head, 
myia — fly); sheep-bot; grub; j^ 

head-maggot; sheep gad-fly. ell_£ ^sssss /J 

Histojy. — Found in Ameri- {^_ i %^J. £f|IP§l > #* 
ca, Europe, Asia, Africa and m^J 

Australia. ^i* 

Description. — Small, yel- 

Fig. 5— OestrusOvisLarva. 

lowish gray fly, slightly larger a , side View. 

than the house-fly. Body b, Posterior view. 

covered with short fine hair. The abdomen is orna- 
mented with five rings ; under side of head is white. 



PARASITOLOGY. 29 

Life Cycle. — The fly is viviparous, and attacks the 
sheep and goats from June to October, but only in 
the warmer part of the day. It deposits its larvae 
in the anterior nares. The larva is provided with 
two hooklets, by means of which it gradually works 
its way to the frontal sinuses, where it passes the 
larval stage, which requires ten months. It then 
passes out to the ground, burrows into the ground 
and there passes through the pupal stage, which lasts 
from four to six weeks. 

Animals Attacked. — Sheep and goats. 

Parts Infested. — Frontal sinuses and turbinated 
bones of the head. 

Condition Produced. — The sheep, hearing the noise 
of the fly, runs, thrusts its nose into the ground or 
amongst other sheep, and strikes at its nose with its 
feet in an effort to rid itself of the pest, which, slug- 
gish at other times, now flies at the nostrils with 
great rapidity. The larvae work their way to the 
frontal sinuses by means of hooklets and contractility 
of the body. In the frontal sinuses they attach 
themselves, by means of two hooklets, to the mucous 
membrane. If only three or four are present in 
the sinuses they do not produce much disturbance, — 
a slight catarrhal discharge of a muco-purulent na- 
ture. When many are present there is noted a pro 
fuse muco-purulent discharge from the nostrils, loss 
of appetite, frequent coughing and sneezing, slow, 
weak gait, and tossing of the head. The animal 
becomes too weak to rise, and finally dies. 

Treatment. — Trephine and remove larvae with for- 
ceps. 

Prophylactic Treatment. — The nose maybe smeared 



30 PARASITOLOGY. 

with tar. It is advocated to make troughs with holes 
bored in sides large enough for a sheep to lick salt 
from. Tar, smeared around these holes, is lodged 
on the nose in the sheep's efforts to get the salt. 

(Hypo — under) 
Hypoderma Lineata (derma — skin) 
(linea — line). 

Synonyms. — Oestrus lineata. Ox gad-fly; warble- 
fly; grub-fly; striped hypoderma ; heel-fly. 

History. — A species found in America ; most com- 
mon in southern states. 

Description. — About the size of a honey-bee. Its 
body is black, covered with fine hair. The thorax is 
ornamented with longitudinal gray bands. The fe- 
male is provided with a cone-shaped ovipositor, with 
which she deposits her eggs, cementing them to the 
hair. 

Life Cycle. — The fly deposits its eggs upon the 
hair in the vicinity of the 
heel. From this point the 
larvae are taken into the 
mouth and become lodged 
in the mucous membrane 
of the oesophagus. The 
eggs are laid in summer Fi f b-Hypoderma Lineata 

&& Larva. 

and the larvae are found in a , Dorsal view 
their most fully developed b - Ventral View - 
stage in the oesophagus about November. At 
this time they are about five-eighths of an inch 
long. They now leave this locality and wander 
through the connective tissue to a position under- 
neath the skin in the region of the back. Here 





PARASITOLOGY. 31 

tumors are formed, with holes at their summits. 
The holes become larger as the tumors and larvae 
develop. The larval stage lasts ten months. In 
this stage they are called grubs, or warbles. By 
spring they have developed into full-grown larvae, 
and leave the tumors through the holes in the 
summits. At this time they are three-fourths to 
seven eighths of an inch long, and nearly one-half 
inch thick. It has been observed that they leave 
behind a tough brown or black skin. They bur- 
row into the ground and pass through the pupal 
stage in from four to six weeks. 

Animal Attacked. — The ox. 

Parts Infested. — Oesophagus and sub-dermal tu- 
mors in region of back. 

Injtiry to Host. — Some irritation. If attacked by 
large numbers the animal does not thrive. In those 
cattle that are slaughtered during the grubby season 
there is a great commercial loss to hides, on account 
of the holes in the skin. The percentage of cattle 
infested varies from practically none in the northern 
states to seventy-five or eighty percent in the south- 
ern states. 

THE FLEAS. 

Pulex Irritans (Pulex — flea, irrito — to excite). 

Synonym. — Human flea. 

History. — Common in dwellings in Europe. Not 
very common in the United States. 

Description. — Body flattened from side to side ; 
head small and rounded ; stylet arranged for pierc- 
ing the skin and sucking the blood ; two eyes and two 
antennae. The abdomen is provided with nine rings. 



32 PARASITOLOGY. 

The legs are thick and strong, terminating in two 
hooklets or claws. The posterior pair are the long- 
est, giving them great power to jump. 

Life Cycle. — The eggs are ovoid in shape and 
brown in color ; they hatch in from six to twelve 
days, depending upon the temperature. The larvae 
are worm-like and are composed of thirteen seg- 
ments. The mouth parts are arranged for mastica- 
tion. The larval stage lasts about eleven days ; they 
then pass their pupal stage in tough brown cocoons. 
The cocoon stage lasts about fourteen days. 

Fleas breed in filth, carpets, rugs, kennels and 
barns. 

Animal Infested. — Man. 

Injury to Host. — In the adult state they attack the 
skin. The puncture causes itching and inflammation. 

Treatment. — Cleanliness ; pyrethrum or tobacco 
dust sprinkled in the infested quarters. 

Pulex Serraticeps (Seco — to cut). 

Synonym. — Dog and cat flea (Fleon — to flee.) 

History. — Universally found. 

Description. — Similar in appearance to the Pulex 
Irritans, with the exception that it is provided with 
fifteen to eighteen spines on the posterior margin of 
the pro-thorax. In the preceding species the thorax 
is entirely nude. 

Life Cycle. — Eighteen to twenty eggs are laid in 
some dirty or dusty corner, which pass through the 
same stages as the preceding species. 

Animals Infested. — They attack the cuticular sur- 
face of dogs, cats and men. 

Treatment. — Dogs can be dipped in a five per-cent 



PARASITOLOGY. 33 

solution of creolin. Creolin may prove fatal to cats. 
Tobacco dust or pyrethram may be dusted in infested 
quarters. 

Pulex Avium (Avis — bird). 

Synonym. — Bird flea. 

Description. — The head is rounded, and is not pro- 
vided with spines on the lower border, but a row of 
minute bristles is found on the side. The mandibles 
are short. 

Animals Infested. — The attack is made principally 
upon small birds. 

THE LICE. 

Phthiriasis (Lousiness) — (Louse). 

Phthiriasis is the condition of an animal or bird 
infested with lice. The lice infesting the domestic 
animals are divided into three families, viz.: Pedicu= 
lidae, Philopteridae and Liotheidae. 

Under the first is placed the genus Hematopinus. 
Under the second is placed the genus Trichodectes. 

Those species of lice belonging to the genus Hem- 
atopinus are provided with a piercing apparatus 
which projects anteriorly from the head. They live 
upon the blood of the host. 

Those species belonging to the genus Trichodec= 
tes are provided with mouth parts arranged on the 
under part of the head. They live by mastication 
from epidermis and hair of the host. 

The lice are oviparous ; the eggs are called nits 
and are cemented to the hair. The eggs are oval in 
shape and white in color. 

Symptoms. — Infested horses and cattle are noted 
to rub against fences and posts, corners of buildings, 



34 PARASITOLOGY. 

in an effort to relieve themselves of the itching sen- 
sation produced by the lice. Cattle are noted to lick 
themselves. The hair has a rough, stairy, matted 
appearance. Dogs scratch and bite themselves, show- 
ing evidence of great pruritus. The hair becomes 
matted or scratched off and emaciation follows. 
Sheep and goats show much the same symptoms. 
In hogs, the animals rub and scratch. Upon close 
examination the lice and nits can be found. In hogs 
a favorite place for the lice to deposit their eggs is 
in the folds of skin posterior to the ears. In later 
stages the animals may become emaciated. 

Lousiness is noted to be more prevalent in winter 
and spring, on account of close association of animals 
during these seasons, and the long hair, which forms 
a protection for them. 

Treatment. — All quarters, stalls, mangers, harness, 
blankets, curry-combs, rub-rags, etc., should be dis- 
infected. If in the spring of the year, the horse may 
be clipped. 

The animals may be sponged or dipped in any 
of the following, or in a five-percent solution of cre- 
olin or kreso : 

fy Tobacco stems 5iv 

Water gal. i 

M. Sig. — Boil for thirty minutes. 

3$( Stavesacre seeds 5iv 

Water gal. i 

M. Sig. — Boil for thirty minutes. 

fy Quassia chips oiv 

Water gal. i 

M. Sig. — Boil for thirty minutes. 

For hogs, the kerosene emulsion, sprayed on the 



PARASITOLOGY. 35 

herd by means of a sprinkling can or spray-gun will 
be found to be very effective treatment. The emul- 
sion is made as follows: 

1^ Kerosene gal. ii 

Common soap Sviii 

Water gal.i 

M. Sig. — Dissolve the soap in boiling water; add 
this solution boiling hot to the kerosene, stirring the 
mixture for ten minutes. 

When used this emulsion is usually diluted as fol- 
lows : One part emulsion to nine parts water: 

Hematopinus (Hema — blood, pinein, to drink). 

The species belonging to this genus are blood- 
suckers, and are much larger than the biting lice. 
They are bluish in color. The head, thorax and 
abdomen are distinct. The head is provided with a 
rostrum which projects anteriorly. It is arranged 
for piercing the skin.and sucking blood. There are 
two simple eyes and two antennae (feelers). Each 
antennae is composed of four or five articles, or seg- 
ments. The thorax is wider than the head, and is 
provided with three pair of legs. The legs are 
short and strong, and the terminal segments are pro- 
vided with one or two hooklets. By means of these 
hooklets the louse is enabled to creep, and to hold 
on to its host. The abdomen is large and is usually 
composed of nine segments. The female is larger 
than the male. 

The following are the common species of blood- 
sucking lice : 

Hematopinus Asini (Asinus — ass,). 
Synonym. — Hematopinus Macrocephalus. 



36 PARASITOLOGY. 

Animal Infested. — The horse. 

Description. — The head is long and narrow. A 
deep notch is noted just back of the attachment of 
the antennae. In this notch are located the eyes. 
The abdomen is oval. A few hairs or bristles are 
found on the head, legs and body. The legs are 
composed of four articles each, and the antennae of 
five. 

Hematopinus Eurysternus (Euros — broad). 

Synonym. — The broad-nosed ox-louse. 

Animal Infested. — Cattle. 

Description. — The head is short and broad ; the 
thorax is wider than long, and widest at the posterior 
border. The abdominis large and oval and a broad 
stripe is noted on the dorsal side of the abdomen of 
the male ; on the female two black blotches are 
found on the terminal segment. This louse, like the 
preceding one, is about one-eighth of an inch long. 

Hematopinus Vituli (Vitulus — calf). 

Synonyms. — Hematopinus Tenuirostris ; the long- 
nosed ox-louse. 

Animals Infested — Cattle. 

Description. — The head is long and slender and 
somewhat sunken in the thorax. The thorax is 
longer than broad. The abdomen is also long and 
slender and the entire louse has a long and slender 
appearance. 

Hematopinus Suis (Suis — hog). 
Synonyms. — Hematopinus Urius ; Hematopinus Ir- 
ritans. 

Animal Infested. — The hog. 

Description. — Largest species of the genus. Five 



PARASITOLOGY. 37 

hairs are noted on each side of its piercing stylet. 
Two protuberances are noted just posterior to the 
attachment of the antennae, forming deep notches. 
The legs are marked by dark bands at the joint. 
The terminal end of the last segment is provided 
with one large and one small claw, and between 
them is found a disk that is provided with small 




Fig. 7— Hematopinus Suis. Photomicrograph lx% inch. 

a, Head with piercing stylet. 

b, Antennae — 5 segments. 

c, Deep notch in which the eyes are implanted. 

d, Claws on end of terminal segment. 

e, Abdomen. 

f, Thorax, bearing 3 pair of legs. 

spikelets, thus giving it a great power to hold on. 
It is about one-fifth of an inch long. 

While this louse is found on all parts of the body, 
a favorite place is in the folds of skin just back of 
the ears, where the nits or eggs may be found in 
abundance. 



38 PARASITOLOGY. 

Hematopinus Piliferus (Pilus — a hair). 

Animal Infested. — This is the blood-sucking louse 
of the dog. 

Descriptio7i. — Its head is short, almost as long as 
broad. The antennae and legs are short and the 
abdomen is large and oval in shape. 

Hematopinus Stenopsis' (Stenos — narrow^. 
Animals Infested. — Goats and sheep. 
Description. — The head is long and narrow ; thorax 
short ; abdomen long. 

Trichodectes (Trix— a hair; dectos— biter). 

The species of this genus are small and light in 
color. The mouth parts are located on the under 
side of the head. The mandibles are strong and are 
arranged for mastication. The head is provided 
with two simple eyes and two short antennae. The 
head is as wide as long, and wider than the thorax. 
The abdomen is globular in shape and divided into 
nine segments. Its food consists principally of epi- 
dermis. 

Trichodectes Pilosus (Pilos — a hair). 

Animals Infested. — The horse, the ass and the 
mule. 

Description. — The head is rounded in front ; the 
antennae are inserted well back and are composed 
of three articles each. The abdomen is oval and 
tapers posteriorly. 

Trichodectes Scalaris (Scalaris — to climb — a ladder). 

Animals Infested. — Cattle. 

Description. — This species is very common. Its 



PARASITOLOGY. 



39 



head is crescent-shaped and scarcely as wide as long. 
The abdomen is narrow and rather ovoid in form, 
and is comprised of nine segments. The legs are 
short and are equipped with claws which aid it in 







Fig. 8— Trichodectes Scalaris— magnified. 
a.Mouth Parts. c, Legs. e, Thorax, 

b, Antennae. d, Head. f, Abdomen. 

holding on to its host. A few scattering hairs are 
noted over the head, legs and abdomen. 

Trichodectes Spherocephalus (Spher — a sphere) 

(Cephala — a head). 

Animal Infested. — This louse infests sheep. 

Description. — The head is nearly as wide as long, 
the anterior part being crescent shaped. The thorax 
is narrower than the head; the abdomen is oval in 
shape and the legs are short. It is common. 



40 PARASITOLOGY. 

Trichodectes Latus (Latus — broad). 

Animal Infested. — The dog. 

Description. — The head is wider than long ; the 
antennae and legs are short and each is composed of 
three articles or segments; the abdomen is globular 




Fig. 9— Trichodectes Scalaris— Ovum. 

a, Ovum in Process of Segmentation, b, Hair. 

lx% inch, magnified. 

in shape. It is the host of the Cryptocysl, which is 
the larvae of the Taenia Canina. 

Trichodectes Subrostratus. 

Animal Infested. — The cat. 

Description. — The head is slightly longer than 
broad, and pointed in front; the abdomen is ellip- 
tical in shape; the legs and antennae are short, and 
are composed of three articles each. 

LlOTHEIDAE. 

The lice of chickens belong to the family Liothei- 
dae. The lice from birds roosting in the barn, or 



PARASITOLOGY. 41 

whose quarters are separated only by a partition, 
may get upon horses and cattle and cause temporary 
parasitism. Each parasite has its own host or hosts 
and will not live permanently upon another. 

Menopon Pallidum. 
This is the most common louse of the chicken. 
The head is crescent shaped and slightly angular in 
front; the thorax is wider than long, but narrower 
than the head; the abdomen is an elongated oval. 
Fine hairs are found over the body and legs. 

Menopon Biseriatum. 
A louse infesting the chicken. The head is cres- 
cent shaped in front ; the antennae are very short ; 
the thorax is narrower than the head ; the body is 
long and oval. Fine hairs are found distributed 
over the body and legs. This species is larger than 
the preceding. It may be found on the head of the 
young chick. 

ARACHNIDA. 

The parasites belonging to this class are not in- 
sects, — the head, thorax and abdomen are not dis- 
tinct, and the head is not provided with antennae. 

ACARINA. 

Under this order we study the following families, 
and sub-families, viz: 

Gamasidae and Trombidiidae, to which belong 
species of parasites infesting birds and small ani- 
mals. The chigger belongs to the latter family. 

Sarcoptidae (Sarco— flesh; kopto — to cut). This 
sub-family is divided into three important genera, 



42 PARASITOLOGY. 

producing scabies in all animals. It includes the air- 
sac mite. 

Demodecidae include the parasites that produce 
follicular or red mange. 

Argasidae and Ixodidae include the ticks. 

In these parasites the divisions of head, thorax and 
abdomen are not distinctly marked, macroscopically. 
They are all blood-suckers. The head is provided 
with a stylet for piercing the skin and sucking the 
blood. The piercing mandibles are surrounded by 
two palpi. The eyes are small or wanting. The 
larva is provided with three pair of legs, the adult 
with four. The free extremity of the last segment 
is provided with ahooklet, ambulacrum orpulvillum, 
which aids the parasite in holding on to its host. 

ACARIASIS. 

This is a condition of an animal being infested 
with some species of parasites belonging to the order 
Acarina. There are two kinds of Acariasis, viz : 
Psoric and non-psoric. 

Psoric Acariasis is a condition in which the para- 
sites produce scab ; infested by species of the sub- 
families Sarcoptidae and Demodecidae. 

Non=Psoric Acariasis is a condition in which the 
parasite does not produce scab ; infested by species 
of the families Gamasidae, Trombidiidae, Argasidae 
and Ixodidae. 

THE ACARI. 

Dermanyssus Gallinae (Derma — skin ; gallus — a cock). 
Synonym. — Chicken mite. 
History. — Universally found in hen-houses. 
Description. — They are very small, as the word 



PARASITOLOGY. 43 

"mite" indicates. The body is ovi-pyriform in snape 
and broadest through the posterior third. The pierc- 
ing stylet is cone shaped, and on either side is a 
rounded palpus. The color of the body is yellowish 
red, depending on the amount of blood contained in 
the digestive tract. The legs are arranged on the 
anterior half of the body. 

Animals Infested. — Birds. 

Condition Produced. — They attack the birds in 
large numbers, piercing the skin and sucking the 
blood, and produce great irritation (pruritus). They 
may even cause death of the host. Infested set- 
ting hens may leave their nests. The parasites hide 
in the nests, and cracks and crevices of the building. 
If the nests are in the same building with horses or 
cattle, or if the birds so infested roost in the stable 
with larger animals, the mites may become tempo- 
rary parasites of the larger animals, causing pruritus 
and scratching, rubbing, rough coat, etc. 

Treatment. — Roosts, nests and buildings should be 
whitewashed with limewater to which has been added 
creolin or kreso. The roosts should be drenched 
with kerosene. Pyrethrum and sulphur, equal parts, 
may be sprinkled in the nests two or three times a 
week. 

Trombidium Holosericeum (Trombos — harvest) 

(holo — whole. ) 

Synonyms. — Chigger ; mit ■ ; harvest bug. 

History.— Found in Europe and America. 

Description. — This parasite is just visible to the 
unaided eye. The body is oval in shape and reddish 
in color; the legs are provided with six articles 
each, the terminal end of the last segment being fur- 



44 PARASITOLOGY. 

nished with two hooklets and a hair ; the piercing 
apparatus is conical in shape and on either side is 
found a palpus ; the legs are located on the anterior 
half of the body. 

Life Cycle. — The eggs are laid in the cracks and 
crevices and in the filth of hen houses, where they 
hatch, the egg first hatching into the six-legged mite, 
which moults and develops into the eight-legged 
state. 

Animal Infested. — They infest the cuticular surface 
of birds and small animals, and pierce the skin and 
suck the blood, producing great irritation, which may 
cause death. They may become parasites of large 
animals if the infested birds roost in quarters adja- 
cent to or within the stable. 

Treatment. — Same as for Dermanyssus. 

Leptus Irritans (Leptus — thin, small; irrito — to irritate.) 

Synonym. — Chigger. 

History. — Found in the grass and timber during 
the hot part of summer. 

Description. — Always in the larval form ; the body 
is nearly round ; the head is broad and is provided 
with piercing mandibles. It is bright red in color. 

Animals Infested. — The parasite is brushed from 
the leaves of vegetation by man or animal, when it 
buries itself in the skin and produces intense itching. 

Treatment. — If the affected part be touched with a 
one-percent solution of formalin it will kill the para- 
asites and stop the itching; or, the parts may be 
touched with a two-percent solution of aqua ammo- 
nia. 



PARASITOLOGY. 45 

SARCOPTIDAE. 

The three principal genera of the sub-family Sar- 
coptidae are : 

Sarcoptes (Sarco — flesh; kopto — to cut). 

Psoroptes (Psora— itch). 

Symbiotes (Sym — togather ; bios — life). 

The Sarcoptes live on the body where the hair is 
short, — in horses and dogs on the body ; in sheep, on 
the facial regions. 

The Psoroptes live on the body where the hair is 
long, — in horses and cattle in the mane and down the 
back ; in sheep, on the body. 

The Symbiotes live on the extremities, — legs. 

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE FAMILY. 

Minute in size ; the body is oval and obtuse at both 
ends, convex above and flat below ; the mouth parts 
are provided with a single lancet-shaped piece, sur- 
rounded by palpi ; the legs are divided into five arti- 
cles each, the free extremity of the last segment 
is provided with an ambulacrum or one or two hairs. 

The genus Sarcoptes, species Scabei, is provided 
with a head as broad as it is long ; the rostrum is 
short, and is margined by two cheeks. 

Male. — The first, second and fourth pair of legs 
are provided with ambulacrum and the third pair with 
one bristle at each terminal extremity. 

Female. — The first two pair are provided with am- 
bulacrum and the last two pair with one bristle at 
each terminal extremity. 

The genus Psoroptes, species Communis, is pro- 
vided with a head that is longer than broad ; the 



46 PARASITOLOGY. 

rostmm is conical in shape and elongated, and not 
margined by cheeks. 

Male. — The first three pair of legs are provided 
with ambulacrum, the fourth pair with two bristles. 

Female.— The first two and fourth pair of legs are 
provided with ambulacrum. The third pair with two 
long bristles. 

The genus Symbiotes, species Communis and 
Auricularum, — rostrum as wide as long, and desti- 
tute of cheeks. 

Male. — All legs are provided with ambulacrum. 

Female. — The first, second and fourth pair are 
provided with ambulacrum and the third pair with 
two bristles. 

LIFE HISTORY OF THE FAMILY SARCOPTIDAE. 

The life history is divided into five stages, viz.: 
The oval, larval, pupal, adult and ovigerous female. 

First Stage. — Ova. — Under favorable conditions the 
eggs hatch in five to ten days. 

Second Stage. — Larval Stage. — Six-legged and asex- 
ual ; it passes through two or three moults. 

Third Stage. Nympha. — The last moulting in the 
larval stage adds a fourth pair of legs ; no sexual 
organs ; the males and females are distinguished by 
the difference in size, the females being larger. 

Fourth Stage — Mature Male and Female. — The last 
moulting in the nympha stage develops the distinct 
sexes. 

Fifth Stage. — The Ovigerous Female. — The impreg- 
nated female moults, which causes changes in the 
genital apparatus. 

It is estimated that each ovigerous female Sarcopt 



PARASITOLOGY. 47 

lays fifteen eggs, of which ten may be females and 
five males. Under favorable conditions it will pass 
its life cycle in fifteen days. At this rate, one ovig- 
erous female would cause the production of 1,500,000 
scab parasites in 90 days. 

THE SCAB PARASITES. 

Sarcoptes Scabei , variety Equi (Equus — horse.) 

Synonym. — Itch mite; mange mite. 

History. — In the United States it is found among 
horses in the Northwest, especially upon the range. 

Animals Infested. — This is the common scab para- 
site of the horse. 

Life Cycle. — The following may be added to what 
has been given as to the stages acari pass through: 
The ovigerous female burrows into the skin, form- 
ing galleries. In these galleries may be found fe- 
males, ova and larvae. As soon as the eggs are 
hatched the larvae leave the gallery. In the serum 
under the scab may be found the larvae, nymphae, 
adult males and females. 

Condition Produced. — The parasite is equipped with 
a piercing stylet with which it pierces the skin, the 
puncture causing a minute red spot, followed by a 
small vesicle, which ruptures. The serum dries and 
forms a minute scab. In this way the myriads of 
parasites cause a piling up of scabs, thus producing 
a scabby condition. As the disease progresses the 
scabby patches enlarge and the scabs pile up, until 
they are often half an inch in thickness, unless the 
parts have been rubbed. 

Symptoms. — Pruritus ; will rub against any post, 
fence, stall or other object. Itching is more intense 



48 PARASITOLOGY. 

at night than during the day, and worse in warm 
weather than in cold; when clothed than when not 
clothed. The parasite first makes its attack in the 
region of the withers and back, and gradually spreads 
over the body. Hairless scabby patches appear in 
later stages. 

Mode of Infestation. — The horse may come in contact 
with infested animals, or be placed in quarters in 
which infested animals have recently been kept ; or, 
contact with curry-comb, rub-rag, brush, harness, 
blanket or saddle recently used on infested animals. 

Sarcoptes Scabei ; variety canis (Canis — dog). 

Synonym. — Mange mite ; itch mite. 

History. — This species is widely distributed. 

Animal Infested. — The dog. 

Condition Produced ; Symptoms. — It begins first on 
the facial region and ears ; then on the breast, feet 
and abdomen, and last on the body. It is not un- 
common to find cases with the entire cuticular sur- 
face affected. The scabs are not allowed to pile up 
as we see on the backs and withers of cattle and 
other large animals, for because of the intense itch- 
ing the animal constantly rubs and scratches itself 
so that we find only thin scabs. The skin becomes 
partially denuded of hair, and in later stages the an- 
imal becomes thin, even emaciated, and is a dejected 
looking creature. If a scraping be made from a 
fresh scab by aid of the knife (care being taken to 
secure the serum from between the scab and the 
skin) and this scraping be examined under the micro- 
scope, the parasites may be observed. If this scrap- 
ing be placed in a bottle and the bottle placed in the 



PARASITOLOGY. 49 

sun or other warm place, the parasites will leave the 
scab and will be seen as minute white specks upon 
the walls of the bottle. 

Sarcoptes Scabei ; variety Suis (Suis — hog). 

Synonym. — Itch-mite. 

History. — Not common in the United States. 

Animal Infested. — It is the only species of the sub- 
family Sarcoptidae that infests the hog. 

Condition Produced ; Symptoms. — The scab para- 
sites may begin their propagation primarily at any 
point on the body, though usually they begin near 
the ears, around the eyes, on the inner side of the 
thighs, or between the forelegs. The parasites cause 
intense itching, the animal rubs and scratches, scabs 
appear, the skin becomes thickened, and the hair 
stands erect; in later stages the hair falls out. This 
parasite has been transmitted to man and dog, where 
it produced temporary parasitism, causing intense 
itching for a few days. 

Sarcoptes Scabei ; variety ovis (Ovis — sheep). 
Synonym. — Face-scab parasite of sheep. 
History. — Rare in America. 

Condition Produced. — A scabby condition of the 
head, resembling other forms of scabies. 

Sarcoptes Scabei, variety Caprae (Capra — goat). 

History. — The sarcoptic form of scabies in goats 
has been reported at different times ; rare in this 
country. 

Animal Infested. — The goat. 

Condition Produced ; Symptoms. — It usually attacks 
the head and neck first, then spreads to the body, 



50 PARASITOLOGY. 

and finally, if not treated, the whole body and limbs 
will be affected, as in the dog. It causes intense 
itching, scabs pile tip, and the hair falls out, reveal- 
ing the scabby patches. 

Sarcoptes Mutans ; variety GallinaefGallus — a cock). 

History. — Widely distributed. 

Animals Infested. — Fowls, on the legs. 

Description. — The acarus is much smaller than the 
species producing scabies in the large animals. It 
is round in shape and its legs are short, giving it a 
stubby appearance. 

Condition Prodticed. — The condition produced by 
these parasites is called scaly leg. They live under 
the scales, especially on the anterior part of the tarsi. 
The irritation produced by its punctures results in a 
scabby or scaly condition of the legs by much the 
same process as in scabies of the large animals. The 
minute scabs accumulate under the scales, displacing 
them and producing a lumpy, scaly condition, the 
crust becoming porous and honey combed. The par- 
asites can be found in the serum between the scab 
and the leg, appearing as minute white specks. 

Psoroptes Communis ; variety Equi (Equus — horse). 

Synonyms- — Long-nosed Psoropt; Psoroptes Long- 
irostris. 

Description. — About the same size as the Sarcoptes. 
Its rostrum is m>re than twice as long as wide. 

Vitality. — It will live for thirty days off of the 
host, if in a moist atmosphere, and temperature not 
too low. 

Animal Infested. — The cuticular surface of the 
horse. 



PARASITOLOGY. 



51 



Condition Produced. — It produces scabies in the 
same manner as the Sarcoptes, the parasites living 
in colonies under the scab. The scab parasites usu- 
ally implant themselves on the animals where the 
hair is long, as the mane, back and rump. Its sprea 1 
is slow, though it may later spread over the body. 
The maxillary space, and where the hair is thinnest, 
as the groin, and the axillary region, are favorite 




Fig. 10— Male Psoroptes Communis, variety Ovls. Photomicrograph 
lx% inch, 
a, Head parts. b, Legs. 

c Body. (Thorax and abdomen are not distinctly marked macroscop- 
ically.) 

locations in later stages. The biting and rubbing, 
a result of the intense irritation produced by the par- 
asites, cause the hair to become matted and present 
a stairy appearance. Later the hair falls out and 
reveals scabby hairless patches. The mode of spread 
of the contagion, and the treatment, are the same as 
in scabies produced by other parasites. If the dis- 
ease is not treated the animal becomes thin in flesh, 
anemic, and finally dies. 



52 



PARASITOLOGY. 



Psoroptes Communis, variety Bovis (Bovis — ox). 

History. — Widely distributed in the United States; 
found in the middle West and South. 

Animal Infested. — This is the common scab para- 
site of the ox. 

Condition Produced. — The back, loins and croup 
are the first parts to become infested. On account 
of the difficulty in scratching these parts the scabs 




Fiy:. 11— Psoroptes Communis, variety Bovis. Photomicrograph. 
1 and 2. Females. a, Head parts, 

b, Leys. c, body. 

pile up, often an inch in thickness. The animal rubs 
and licks himself as a result of the pruritus, gradu- 
ally becoming thin in flesh, and later emaciated. 

Psoroptes Communis, variety Ovis (Ovis — sheep \ 
History. — Widely distributed. Found in western 
and southwestern parts of the United States ; also in 
France, Germany, Asia, Australia and Mexico. 

Animal Infested. — This is the common scab para- 
site of the sheep. 



PARASITOLOGY. 



53 



Condition Produced; Symptoms. — In watching a 
bunch of sheep that have recently become infested, 
it will be noted that they are restless ; that they will 
bite themselves ; that bunches of wool will become 



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loosened ; possibly some saliva will be noted at this 
point. If the skin be examined with the aid of a 
hand lens, or if a scraping be made with a knife 
(care must be taken to get close to the skin), the 



54 PARASITOLOGY. 

parasite will be found. Or, if the scraping be placed 
in a clear glass bottle and the bottle set in the sun- 
shine or a warm place, the parasites will soon be 
found crawling over the walls of the bottle. In the 
later stages the scabs will appear on the back and 
rump. The scabs continue to pile up and the wool 
falls out, revealing large scabby woolless patches. 
The animal becomes emaciated, and finally dies. 
This parasite causes great loss in the wool crop. 

Mode of Infestation. — By being placed in quarters 
where infested sheep have recently been kept; by 
being shipped in cars not disinfected after using for 
transportation of infested sheep; through shipping 
centers, unless such centers are controlled by proper 
quarantine regulations ; by the introduction of an 
infested sheep into a bunch not infested ; or, by being 
driven over a trail recently followed by scabby 
sheep. 

Psoroptes Communis, variety Caprae (Capra — a goat). 

Produces scabies in goats in the same manner as 
the Psoropt in sheep. 

Svmbiotes Communis, variety Equi (Equus — horse). 

Synonym. — Foot-scab parasite. 

History. — Symbiotic scabies is not common. It 
has been found in some parts of the old world, and 
is more prevalent among coarse horses and those 
that are poorly cared for. 

Description. — This mite is a trifle smaller than the 
species of the two previous genera. The rostrum is 
nearly as wide as long. 

Animal Infested. — The horse. 



PARASITOLOGY. 55 

Condition Produced. — It produces scabies of the 
legs, usually in the region of the fetlock and pastern 
of the posterior extremity. In later stages the 
scabby condition extends up the leg, possibly as high 
as the body. The skin becomes thickened and rigid 
and the legs swollen. Cracks may be formed in the 
pastern region from which may be found a secre- 
tion of a fetid nature. The parasites live in colonies 
under the scab. 

Treatment. — Thoroughly scrub the affected parts 
with soap and warm water. After thoroughly soak- 
ing the parts with water and soap the scabs may be 
easily removed. Then apply any of the dip prepa- 
tions. 

Symbiotes Communis, variety Bovis. 

History. — Not common. 

Animals Infested. — Cattle. 

Condition Produced. — Symbiotic scabies in the ox 
begins around the base of the tail and rump. It is 
slow to spread from this locality and has been known 
to affect the animal for years, with a slow tendency 
to spread toward the body. It is said that it does 
not cause such intense pruritus as the sarcoptic 
form. 

Symbiotes Communis, variety Ovis. 

Synonym. — Foot-scab parasite. 

Animals Iniested. — Sheep. 

Condition Produced.— It produces scabies of the 
feet and legs. It is slow to spread, showing a ten- 
dency to recovery in summer, but spreading more 
from sheep to sheep in winter. Like other scabies 
it produces itching and the animal stamps and rubs 
the affected parts. Symbiotic scabies most often 



56 PARASITOLOGY. 

attacks the hind legs, but may spread to the fore 

limbs. 

Svmbiotes Communis, variety Caprae. 

Animal Infested. — The goat. 

Condition Produced. — Attacks by preference the 
neck and back. Yellowish, thick, hard crusts form. 
The skin underneath the scab becomes thickened 
and cracks are often observed. Tumefaction of the 
lymph glands that receive the lymph from these parts 
has been noted. The hair becomes matted and falls 
out, exposing the scabby area. 

Symbiotes Auricularum, variety Canis (Auris— ear) 

(Canis — dog). 
Animal Infested. — The dog. 

Names of Disease. — Otacariasis, auricular scabies, 
parasitic otitis, epileptiform disease of dogs. 

Condition Produced; Symptoms. — The parasites 
produce an inflammation of the external ear, and in 
some cases ulcers are observed. In the scrapings 
fiom these ulcers the Acari can be found. Evidence 
of itching is manifested; the dog shakes his head 
from side to side and scratches his ears with his 
paw. The hunting dog, after vigorous exercise, 
shows symptoms like those of epilepsy. Later the 
dog is attacked more frequently with these fits, and 
becomes sullen, with a tendency to be cross. 

Treatment. — Disinfect kennels with five-percent 
kreso, or sediment from the lime and sulphur dip, 
etc. 

Thoroughly cleanse the ear and apply the follow- 
ing: 

fy Olive oil ovii 

Naphthol 5v 

Ether 5xv 



PARASITOLOGY. 57 

M. Sig. — Inject a small quantity of this mixture 
into external auditory canal once a day. 

A saturated solution of alcohol with boracic acid 
can be used. 

Cytodites Nudus (Cyto — cell; Nudus — nude). 

Synonym. — Air-sac mite. 

History. — Rare in this country; found in Europe. 

Description. — Scarcely visible macroscopically. 
The body is rounded in shape and whitish in color. 
The rostrum is conical. The legs are strong, con- 
ical in shape and composed of five articles each. 
The free extremity of the last segment of each leg 
is provided with an ambulacrum. (An ambulacrum 
is a cup-shaped sucker attached to the extremity of 
the leg by a pedicle.) The adult is provided with 
four pair of legs ; the two anterior pair are located 
on the anterior third, and point forward ; the two 
posterior pair are located on the posterior half, and 
point backward. 

Animals Infested. — They infest the air-sacs of fowls 
and pheasants. They are white in color and can 
be seen macroscopically as small bodies, very mi- 
nute in size. They even reach the air cells of the 
bones. 

Condition Produced. — Their irritation causes inflam- 
mation and results in death of the host. 

TREATMENT OF SCABIES. 

Large bunches of cattle and sheep which become 
infested with scab parasites must of necessity be 
dipped. For this purpose the dip which has proved 
the most successful is the lime and sulphur dip. 



58 PARASITOLOGY. 

The lime acts as a solvent for the sulphur. The 
sulphur is a parasiticide. This clip is made in the 
following proportion : 

Unslaked lime 8 pounds. 

Sulphur 24 pounds. 

Water 100 gallons. 

Boil for two hours. Use at a temperature of 100 
degrees to 110 degrees Fahr. Keep the animal in the 
dip two or three minutes by the watch. Clean the 
sheds or barns and yards. Disinfect the fences, 
stalls, racks, and feed troughs with the sediment of 
the dip. Another dip is the arsenical dip, made as 
follows : 

Arsenious acid (white arsenic) __ 10 pounds. 

Sulphur 1 ounce. 

Soda ash 10 pounds. 

Soft soap_^ 2 pounds. 

Boiling water 2 gallons. 

After cooling add enough water to make twenty- 
five gallons. It is estimated that this quantity of 
dip is sufficient for twenty-five sheep. 

The tobacco-sulphur dip is made as follows : 

Tobacco leaves . 1 pound. 

Sulphur 1 pound. 

Water 6 pounds. 

Place the tobacco in a vessel of warm water, cover 
and let steep for twenty-four hours. Bring to a boil, 
let cool and strain. Press all the juice out of the 
leaves. Mix enough water to the sulphur to make a 
paste, then mix with the tobacco infusion, thoroughly 
stir and heat to a temperature of 110 and sponge or 
dip the animal. 



PARASITOLOGY. 59 

Coal tar products are used to some extent. Some 
are reliable and some are not. The kreso dip put 
up by P. D. Co. is said to contain some dissolved 
sulphur, therefore has a double combined parasiticide 
effect. Scaby sheep should be clipped. After one 
week dip. At the end of ten days dip the second 
time and remove to non-infested quarters. In case 
of scabies in horses clip the animal. Thoroughly 
scrub with a dip. Repeat in ten days. For dipping 
devices for cattle there are used the plunge dip, the 
cage dip and the spray dip. 

DEMODECIDAE. 

The sub-family Demodecidae includes a group of 
parasites that live in the hair and sebaceous follicles 
of the skin and produce cuticular pustules. They are 
placed under one genus, — Demodex (worm-like) and 
one species, — Folliculorum (follicle). 

General Description. — Under a low-power micro- 
scope the parasite has a general outline similar in 
shape to an oat grain. The head part is broad and 
is provided with a stylet or lancet-piece arranged at 
the anterior extremity. The thorax is not distinctly 
separated from the abdomen. The larva is provided 
with three pair of legs, the adult with four. Each 
leg is made up of three short segments, the last 
one being very short and provided with two hooklets 
or claws. 

Life History. — The life history is similar to that of 
the sub-family Sarcoptidae. The ova are laid in the 
pustule. The newly hatched larvae are asexual and 
are provided with three pair of legs which are mere 
tubercles. After moulting the larvae are observed 



60 



PARASITOLOGY. 



to have four pair of legs. Another moulting brings 
the larvae to the pupal stage, with legs fully devel- 
oped, and after still another moult they are sexually 
mature. 



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Of the varieties of Demodex Folliculorum enumer- 
ated only two are common in the United States. 

Demodex Folliculorum, variety Canis. 
History. — First studied in Europe. It is common 
in many localities of the United States. 



PARASITOLOGY. 61 

Animal Infested. — The dog. 

Parts Infested ; Symptoms. — The parasite burrows 
into the hair or sebaceous follicles, occluding the 
ducts and producing pustules. These pustules are 
prominent, and give the skin a rough appearance. 
The animal is usually first attacked by the parasite 
in the region of the breast, legs, axillary and facial 
regions. The skin becomes red, and hence it is 
called red mange. Considerable irritation -accompa- 
nies the malady. The dog scratches and bites the 
parts, the hair falls out and the skin becomes thick- 
ened. In later stages the entire cuticular surface 
becomes affected. 

Treatment. — Successful treatment of this malady is 
difficult because of the difficulty of getting the solu- 
tion to the interior of the pustules. A mixture of 
gasoline, oil of tar and oil of cade has been used with 
more or less good results. Al^o 

Oleo-resin aspidii 8 parts 

Creolin 42 parts 

Alcohol 50 parts 

Demodex Folliculorum, variety Suis. 

History. — Frequently found in America and in 
Europe. 

Animal Infested. — The pig. 

Condition Produced. — The parasites attack the cu- 
ticular surface in the axillary region and flanks ; 
then the disease spreads over the entire surface of 
the body and legs. The skin becomes thickened and 
rough. The pustules push up, giving the skin a 
papillated appearance. 

Mode of Infestation. — The animal may be infested 



62 



PARASITOLOGY. 



through coming in contact with infested animals, by 
being placed in quarters in which infested animals 




Fig. 16— Two pups affected with Demodecic Scabies or Red Mange. 
(Photograph). 

have been kept, or shipped in cars or other vehicles 
in which infested animals have been transported. 



PARASITOLOGY. 



63 



THE TICKS. 

ARGASIDAE. 

The family Argasidae includes the ticks. They are 
provided with flat, oval bodies. The piercing man- 
dibles and hypostome are located beneath an over- 
reaching cephalo-thorax, or anterior part of the dorsal 




Fig. 17— Argas Miniatus, Larva. 

a, Mandibles and Palpi. b, Legs. 

c, Body. 

surface. The dorsal shield is absent. The life his- 
tory is similar to that of the common ticks. 

Argas Miniatus. 

Synonyms. — Argas Americanus; Chicken tick. 

History . — Found in Mexico and the Southern part 
of the United States. 

Descriptiofi. — The parasite is flat like a bedbug, 
and ovoid in shape. It is provided with an over- 
reaching dorsal surface, the top of which is pitted. 
The head parts consist of two mandibles provided 
with teeth at the terminal end. Beneath these is a 



64 



PARASITOLOGY 



spatula-shaped hypostome divided into two symmet- 
rical halves, and on each half there are arranged three 




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rows of irregular shaped denticles. The mandibles 
are surrounded by palpi. 



PARASITOLOGY. 65 

Animals Infested. — The tick is found in the hens' 
nests and in the litter. They attack the birds mostly 
at night. They drive the hens from their nests and 
cause death of the host. They may be found on 
larger animals. 

Ornithodoros Megnini (Megnin). 

Synonyms. — Spinose tick; ear tick; spider tick; 
Rhyncoprium Spinosum. 

History. — Found in the South and middle West. 

Description. — The female, when engorged with 
blood, is about the size of a castor bean. The body 
is oval in shape, with the transverse diameter of the 
anterior third greater than that of the posterior third. 
Its cuticular surface is covered with spines, from 
which it gets its name, — "spinose tick." The head 
parts are prominent; the hypostome not provided 
with denticles in the larval stage. The palpi are 
round in shape, and long. Its color varies from 
brown to violet. A specimen, two-thirds engorged 
with blood, taken from a steer, moulted once, and 
lived from Feb. 10, 1906, to July 8, 1907. 

Animals Infested. — It infests the ears of horses, 
cattle and other animals. 

Condition Produced. — They attach themselves to 
the skin lining the conchi, and also invade the audi- 
tory meatus. This causes much irritation; the animal 
shakes his head and shows other signs of nervous 
disorder. It is reported to have caused death. 

Treatment. — Oil, or any antiseptic solution of suffi- 
cient strength to be a parasiticide. Oil coats over, 
closing the breathing tubes, and asphyxiates the 
tick. 



66 PARASITOLOGY. 



IXODIDAE. 

This family includes a group of ticks, the head 
parts of which are slightly longer than broad. The 
palpi are short. The head is provided with mandi- 
bles and hypostome as in the preceding family. 

Rhipicephalus Sanguineus (Sanguis — blood.) 

Distribution. — Has been reported in Southern 
states. 

Description. — Resembles the Boophilus Annulatus 
in size and shape, though the head is more prominent 
and the palpi are short and broad, but longer than 
the hypostome. The base of the capitulum (or head 
parts) is broader than long, forming a projecting an- 
gle at each side. In the male the dorsal shield is 
red and covers nearly all of the dorsal surface. 

Animals Infested. — Cattle and other animals. 

Ixodes Ricinus (Ricinus — castor oil plant; eidos — like.) 

Synonym. — Castor bean tick. 

History. — Found in America, Europe and Africa. 

Description. — In shape it resembles the castor 
bean. Its color is variegated like that of the castor 
bean, the dorsal shield being a deep chestnut brown. 
The mandibles are armed with teeth ; the hypostome 
is lanceolate in shape, each half being provided with 
six rows of denticles. The body of the male is flat, 
oval and of a deep reddish brown, the dorsal shield 
covering almost all of the dorsal surface. 

Animals Infested. — It attacks the cuticular surface 
of the horse, ox, dog, etc. 



PARASITOLOGY. 67 

Boophilus Annulatus (Annulus — a ring). 

Syno7iyms. — Boophilus Bo vis ; Margarapus Annu- 
latus ; fever tick; Texas fever tick; Ixodes Bovis. 

History. — Found in southern part of United States 
and in southern Europe. 

Animal Infested. — The ox. 

Description. — The engorged female is about the 
size of the castor bean, has a constriction in the mid- 
dle of the lateral sides, with two longitudinal depres- 
sions anterior to, and two posterior to this con- 
striction, on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. The 
legs are not . strong, and are located on the ante- 
rior half of the body. The head is not prominent ; 
it is provided with mandibles, palpi and hypostome, 
and the latter is furnished with eight rows of denti- 
cles. The dorsal shield is small and brownish red 
in color. The surface of the parasite is often marked 
with delicate yellowish white wavy lines. The ex- 
tremity of each leg is provided with a pulvillum, two 
hooklets and a globe shaped apparatus. Breathing 
is by means of a trachea located on either side pos- 
terior to the last pair of legs, and covered by a per- 
forated scale called a Stigmen. The male does not 
become engorged with blood, but remains flat. Its 
dorsal surface is a brownish red color. 

Life History. — The engorged female drops to the 
ground, seeks a secluded place, as under some ob- 
ject, and begins ovulation (laying eggs) in from 
three to five days. This period lasts about two 
weeks. During the period of ovulation the female 
scarcely moves. The eggs are ovoid in shape and 
brown in color, and are covered with a varnish-like 
substance. The eggs are pushed out from the ante- 



68 PARASITOLOGY. 

rior extremity of the body, forming a mass number- 
ing, usually, 4,000 to 5,000. These eggs hatch in 
about three weeks, if the temperature is favorable. 
The larvae are small, six-legged asexual parasites. 
In this stage they have lived in a bottle for six 
months without food. They crawl over the ground 
or upon the blades of grass or weeds, and thus are 
brushed off by animals passing along. Once on the 
animal they attach themselves usually in the region 
of the thigh, between the hind legs. After one week 
they moult (passing through a change in the ana- 
tomical structure, during which time they shed the 
skin.) They are now provided with four pair of legs 
and at the end of another week they moult again, 
and become sexually mature. The males seek the 
females and place themselves in apposition, in which 
position the male can be found still alive after the 
female is fully engorged. But its life is short after 
being removed from the host ; it dies within a few 
hours. The female draws blood slowly for the first 
two weeks, then rapidly for the third week, becom- 
ing fully engorged in three weeks, drops off, and is 
ready to begin ovulation ; gradually shrinks during 
ovulation until she is only about one third of her 
original size, then dies. 

Condition Produced. — The tick carries the proto= 
zoa (Piroplasma Bigeminum) causing Texas or 
Splenic Fever. The larva, as soon as it gets onto 
the host, attaches itself to the skin and begins to 
draw blood. At this time it inoculates the host with 
the protozoa. The single celled parasites enter the 
red blood cells, break them up and liberate the hem- 
oglobin ; the protozoa have multiplied in sufficient 



PARASITOLOGY. 69 

numbers to produce the acute symptoms of tick fever 
by the eleventh day. The liver becomes congested, 
the bile thickened and granular ; the spleen becomes 
greatly enlarged, and the contents is the consistency 
of blackberry jam. The urine is port wine colored, 
and the cancellated portion of the bone is black ; the 
fat is lemon colored, due to staining of the cells of 
the tissue with hematin. During this time the ani- 
mal shows loss of appetite, stands off by itself, back 
arched, high elevation of temperature, accelerated 
respiration and pulse, port wine colored urine. 

Boophilus Australis (Australia). 

Synonym. — Australian fever tick. 

History. — Found in Australia, South America, 
Cuba, Porto Rico and India. 

Animals Infested. — The ox, the deer and the horse. 

Description. — The female is about the same size as, 
and has markings similar to, the Boophilus Annula- 
tus. The dorsal shield is slightly smaller, and is 
light in color ; the palpi are short. In the male the 
dorsal shield covers the entire dorsal surface. The 
free extremity of the leg is provided with two hook- 
lets and a fan-shaped organ, instead of the globule 
shaped apparatus, as in the species Annulatus. 

Conditio?i Produced. — They carry the protozoa pro- 
ducing {ever as Boophilus Annulatus does in the 
United States. 

Dermacentor Electus (Derma — skin ; kentesis — puncture). 

Synonyms. — Dog tick; wood tick; Dermacentor 
Americanus. 

History. — Very common in the woods of the United 
States, 



70 



PARASITOLOGY. 



Animals Infested. — Dog, horse, ox, etc. 

Description. — The engorged female is about the 
size of the fever tick, though the legs are longer and 
the head parts more prominent. The dorsal shield 
is large, somewhat elongated through the antero- 
posterior diameter, and is white in color. The hy- 
postome is provided with six rows of denticles. The 




Fig. 21— Amblyomma Amekicanum Larva. Photomicrograph 1x2/3 
inch. 

a. Mandibles. c, Rody. 

b, Legs. d. Palpi. 

dorsal surface of the male presents a large, white 
dorsal shield and silvery markings. 

Amblyomma Americanum (American). 

Synonym. — Lone Star tick; Amblyomma una- 
puncta. 

Distribution. — Southern United States and South 
America. 

Animal Infested. — The ox. 

Description. — About the same size as the preceding 
described tick. The dorsal shield is triangular in 



PARASITOLOGY. 71 

shape and reddish brown ; it is marked with a white 
spot in the posterior border. The head parts are 
more prominent than in the Boophilus Annulatus. 
The hypostome is furnished with six rows of denti- 
cles. 

LINGUATULIDA. 

This order includes a group of degraded Acari, 
the most common of which is the 

Linguatula Rhinaria (Lingua — tongue). 

Synonyms. — Pentastoma Taenoides ; Linguatula 
Taenoides. 

Distribution. — Common in Europe ; not reported 
in the United States. 

Description. — The body of the adult is white, elon- 
gated and lanceolate shaped toward the head. It 
tapers posteriorly and presents the general appear- 
ance of a worm. The ventral surface is flattened ; 
it is rounded dorsally ; the body is composed of 
about ninety rings ; the head part is provided with 
small hooklets which enable it to hold on firmly. 
The males are much smaller than the females. 

Animals Infested. — Adult infests dogs; larva infest 
cattle, sheep, etc. 

Life History. — The adult deposits the ova in the 
nasal chambers of the dog, and they are afterward 
expelled by the animal when sneezing ; thus the grass 
of the pastures or other food or water become con- 
taminated with the eggs. These eggs are taken in 
by the intermediate host, and upon reaching the 
stomach hatch and liberate the embryos. The em- 
bryos are ovoid in shape, flat below and convex 
above, and thus somewhat resemble the Acari. 



72 PARASITOLOGY. 

They are provided with two pair of legs. The head 
extremity is furnished with a stylet-shaped boring 
apparatus. By means of this boring apparatus they 
find their way through the stomach or intestinal wall 
and become located in the mesenteric lymph glands, 
lungs or liver, where they develop into fully formed 
larvae. This transformation requires about seven 
months. 

Condition Produced. — The larvae thus encysted are 
taken in by carnivorous animals, through consump- 
tion of the affected part, or the larvae may leave the 
cyst by migration, and if they reach the bronchi may 
be expelled with mucus through fits of coughing, and 
thus soil the feed or water. In the adult state the 
parasites infest the nasal chamber, and possibly the 
pharynx and larynx. They hold on to the mucous 
membrane by means of hooklets and produce an 
inflammation which is accompanied by a muco-puru- 
lent discharge. The animal sneezes, scratches and 
rubs its nose, etc. 

FUNGI. 

The fungi that attack animals are vegetable para- 
sites and are similar to the common moulds in their 
general appearance and method of reproduction. 
Reproduction is by spores, which are small round 
bodies, microscopic in size, resembling small seeds. 
The filaments, or mycelia, consist of a series of cells 
arranged end to end. These cells consist of a cell 
wall and protoplasm. The spores have a greater 
resistance to unfavorable conditions than the mycelia, 
and when placed under favorable conditions, or "fer- 
tile ground," produce the mycelia. 



PARASITOLOGY. 73 

Trichophyton Tonsurans (Trix — hair ; phyton, a plant.) 

(Tonsurans — to shear.) 

Disease. — Tinea tonsurans: circinate ringworm; 
ringworm. 

Animals Infested. — Man, horse, ox, hog, dog, cat, 
and bird. 

Symptoms. — The affected spot is at first red ; it 
gradually enlarges and is covered with a thin, gray- 
ish scale, under which is found serum. The hair is 
cut off at the surface as a result of the invasion of 
the skin by the fungi. The circumference is red, 
while the older inner portion assumes a grayish 
color. The condition is accompanied by itching; the 
animal rubs and scratches itself. 

Parts Infested. — In man it is noted in the facial 
region and arms ; sometimes contracted by handling 
infected pets. In horses it infests principally the 
body, but has been observed on the extremities. In 
cattle the facial region is a favorite location. In 
hogs we observe the body as the most usual part 
attacked; in dogs the body and extremities ; in birds 
the dependent part of the head, as the comb and 
wattles. 

Modes of Infection. — Animals may become infected 
by coming in contact with infected ones, by being 
shipped in cars or boats in which infected ones have 
recently been transported, by being placed in other 
infected quarters, as barns, pastures, etc., or by 
using blankets, rub-rags, etc., which have recently 
been used upon infected animals. 

Treatment. — The most effectual remedial agent is 
iodine, which should be brushed on the affected part 
once a day ; or, four percent nitrate of silver may be 
used. 



74 PARASITOLOGY. 

Achorion Schoenleinii (Achor — scurf; Schoenlein.) 

Disease. — Tinea favosa; honeycomb ring-worm. 

Animals hifested. — Infests by preference the smal- 
ler animals, as the dog, cat, bird, rat, mouse, etc. 

Symptoms. — The fungi implants itself in the skin 
at the opening of the hair follicle ; here it forms a 
cup-shaped mass surrounding the hair or feather. 
Later the hair falls out, which gives the skin a honey- 
combed appearance. There is an odor given off 
which simulates the odor of mice or cat's urine. 

Mode of Infection. — Cats and dogs usually become 
infected from infected prey, as rats and mice. As a 
result the parts most infected are the fore legs and 
head. 

Treatment. — Same as in the preceding forms, or 
hyposulphite of soda, one ounce to the pint of water. 

Achorion Keratophagus (Kerato — horn ; phagean — to eat) 

Disease. — Seedy toe. 

Animals Infected. — The horse and mule. 

Parts Infected. — The mycelium develops along the 
line of the horny tubes ; this results in a degenera- 
tion of the horn tissue, and a soft, powder-like sub- 
stance accumulates between the wall and the sole. 

(Saccharos — sugar) 
Saccharomyces Albicans (Myco — mycelium) 

(Alba— white.) 

Synonym. — Oidium albicans. 
Disease. — Thrush ; mycotic stomatitis. 
Animals Infected. — Foals and calves. 
Parts Infected. — Mucous membrane of the mouth. 
Condition Produced. — The infected mucous mem- 
brane becomes red, inflamed and tender to the touch. 



PARASITOLOGY. 75 

In the center of the inflamed area are white ulcerous 
spots invaded by mycelia and spores. 

Treatment. — Wash the mouth with a solution of 
boracic acid, chlorate of potash or other antiseptics. 

(Bovis — ox) 
Actinomyces Bovis (Aktis — a ray) 

(Muke — a mushroom). 

Synonym. — Ray fungus, 

Disease Produced. — Actinomycosis. 

Distribution. — Widely distributed throughout the 
United States and Europe ; especially common in 
the middle West. 

Animals Infected. — Man, horse, ox and hog. 

Parts Affected. — Superior and inferior maxilla and 
soft structures adjacent to them, glands of the head 
and neck ; also lung tissue ; rare in other organs. 
In the sow it has been found involving the mammae. 
In the ox it has been found in the liver, prescapular 
and superficial inguinal lymph glands. 

Description of Fungus. — The fungi appear in the 
pus as yellowish granular bodies. A microscopic 
study of these bodies shows clusters of club-shaped 
cells in ray formation ; the small ends are directed 
inward, forming a rosette-like circle. 



CHAPTER II. 

ENTOZOA. 

The internal parasites, or entozoa, are placed under 
the branch Vermes. 

Vermes (vermis — a worm) is divided into three 
classes, viz.: Annelida, Nemathelmintha, and Plat- 
helmintha. 

Annelida (annulus — a ring) includes the order 
Discophori. This order includes the family Gnath- 
obdellidae. This family includes the genus Haemo= 
pis, which infests the pharynx and mouth. 

Nemathelmintha (nema — thread; helminth — 
worm) is divided into two orders, viz.: Nematoda 
and Acanthocephala. 

Nematoda (thread-like) is divided into five fam- 
ilies, viz.: Filaridae, Ascaridae, Oxyuridae, Strongy- 
lidae and Trichotrachelidae. 

Filaridae (filum — a thread) include the genera 
Spiroptera, Simondsia, and Filaria. They are 
thread-like worms infesting various parts of the body. 

Ascaridae (askarizo — to move briskly) include 
the genus Ascaris, which infests the small intestines. 

Oxyuridae (oxyo — pointed; oura — tail) include 
the genus Oxyuris, which in tests the posterior bowel. 

Strongylidae (>trongylos — cylindrical) include 
the genera Strongylus, Sclerostoma, Stephanurus, 
Syngamus, Oesophagostoma and Uncinaria, which 
infest the various parts of the body. 

Trichotrachelidae (trix — hair) include the genera 
Trichocephalus and Trichina, which infest the in- 
testinal tract. 

76 



PARASITOLOGY. 77 

Acanthocephala (acantha — thorn; cephale — head) 
includes the genus Echynorhynchus, which infests 
the intestinal tract. 

Plathelmintha (flat — wide) includes the orders 
Cestoda and Trematoda. 

Cestoda (kesto — girdle) includes the family 
Taenidae and genus Taenia (tape worms) which 
in the adult state infest the intestines. 

The family Bothriocephalidae includes the genus 
Bothriocephalus, which passes the larval stage in 
fish. 

Trematoda (perforated) includes the families 
Fasciolidae, Paramphistomidae and Schistosoma 
dae. 

The familv Fasciolidae includes the genera Disto= 
ma and Paragonimus, which live in the liver and 
lungs. 

The family Paramphistomidae includes the genus 
Amphistoma, which infests the stomach. 

The family Schistosomidae includes the genus 
Schistosoma, which lives in the blood. 

CLASSIFICATION OF THE COMMON INTERNAL 
PARASITES. 

Rranch Vermes 

''lass Annelida 

Order Discophori 

Family Gnathobdellidae 

( ienus and Species Haemopis Sanguisuga. 

Class Nemathelmintha 

Order Nematoda 

Family Filaridae 

Genus and Species Spiroptera Scutata. 

Spiroptera Megastoma. 

Spiroptera Microstoma. 



78 PARASITOLOGY. 

Genus and Species — Continued Spiroptera Strongylina. 

Spiroptera Sanguino- 
lenta. 

Simondsia Paradoxa. 

Filaria Papillosa. 

Filaria Cervina. 

Filaria Immitis. 

Family Ascaridae 

Genus and Species Ascaris Megalocephala. 

Ascaris Vituli. 

Ascaris Ovis. 

Ascaris Suilla. 

Ascaris Marginata. 

Ascaris Mystax. 

Ascaris Inflexa. 

Family Oxyuridae 

Genus and Species Oxyuris Curvula. 

Oxyuris Mastigodes. 

Family Strongylidae .... 

Genus and Species Strongylus Arnfieldi. 

Strongylus Micrurus. 

Strongylus Pulmonalis. 
i Strongylus Filaria. 

Strongylus Rufescens. 

Strongylus Paradoxus. 

Strongylus Pusillus. 

Strongylus Contortus. 

Strongylus Ostertagi. 

Strongylus Armatus. 

Strongylus Vasorum. 

Sclerostoma Tetracan- 
thum. 

Sclerostoma Hyposto- 
mum. 

Stephanurus Dentatus. 

Syngamus Trachealis. 

Oesophagostoma Inflat- 
um. 

Oesophagostoma Colum- 
bianum. 



PARASITOLOGY. 79 

Genus and Species — Continued OesophagostomaDentat- 

um. 

Uncinaria Radiata. 

Uncinaria Cernua. 

Uncinaria Canina. 

Uncinaria Stenocephala. 

Family Trichotrachelidae. 

Genus and Species Trichocephalus Depress- 

iusculus. 

Trichocephalus Affinis. 

Trichocephalus Crenatus 

Trichina Spiralis. 

Order Acanthocephala .... 

Genus and Species Echinorhynchus Gigas. 

Class Plathelmintha 

Order Trematoda 

Family Fasciolidae 

Genus and Species Distoma Hepaticum. 

Distoma Americanum. 

Distoma Lanceolata. 

Paragonimus Westerm- 
anii. 

Family Paramphistomidae. 

Genus and Species Amphistoma Cervi. 

Family Schistosomidae 

Genus and Species Schistosoma Bovis. 

Order Cestodae 

Family Taenidae 

Genus and Species Taenia Solium. 

Taenia Saginata. 

Taenia Perfoliata. 

Taenia Mamillana. 

Taenia Plicata. 

Taenia Expansa. 

Taenia Alba. 

Taenia Denticulata. 

Taenia Fimbriate. 

Taenia Marginata. 

Taenia Echinococcus. 

Taenia Coenurus. 



80 PARASITOLOGY. 

(Terms and Species — Continued Taenia Serrata. 

Taenia Serialis. 

Taenia Canina. 

Taenia Crassicollis. 

Family Bothriocephalidae. 

Genus and Species Bothriocephalus Latus. 

ANNELIDA. 
Haemopis Sanguisuga (Sanguis — blood; sugere — to suck). 

Synonym. — Horse-leech. 

Distribution. — Found in Europe, America, Turkey 
and Africa. 

Description. — The leech is black or brownish in 
color, flattened ventrally and rounded dorsally. The 
body is composed of ninety-five to ninety-seven 
rings. It is soft, slimy and capable of great exten- 
sion and contraction. It is provided with an oral 
and an anal sucker ; the suckers are shaped like the 
beak of a flute. The mouth is located in the oral 
sucker; it is arranged in the form of a three-rayed 
star, each ray forming a slit through which a jaw 
may pass. By means of this sucker it holds firmly 
to the mucous membrane, and by means of the teeth 
in the jaws to wounds it, and thus is enabled to 
suck the blood. The anal sucker is nearly twice as 
large as the oral one, and aids in holding on to the 
host; the anus opens at the upper border. Ten eyes 
are located on the anterior part of the dorsal surface. 
The leeches are hermaphrodites ; they are two to 
three inches in length. 

Life Cycle. — Leeches inhabit the water. The fe- 
males, at the time of ovulation, leave the water and 
bury themselves in the mud, where twelve to twenty 
eggs are laid ; the female then crawls out, leaving 
the eggs buried as in a cocoon. These eggs hatch 



PARASITOLOGY. 81 

in from three to four weeks. The leeches reach 
their adult state in about five years, and may live to 
be fifteen to twenty years old. 

Animals Infested. — The horse, the ox and the dog. 

Parts Infested. — Mucous membrane of the mouth, 
pharynx, nasal chambers, eyes and lips. 

Symptoms. — When infested by large numbers there 
is observed loss of appetite, emaciation, anemia, 
hemorrhage from the nostrils or mouth, depending 
upon the location of the leeches ; pale visible mucous 
membrane; later weakness and possibly death. A 
single leech, when engorged, will hold two drams of 
blood. When thus filled they loosen their hold, fall 
to the ground, and in this condition can fast a whole 
year. The buccal apparatus of the leeches secretes 
a fluid which in a measure prevents coagulation of 
blood, so that hemorrhage follows after their detach- 
ment from the mucous membrane. Animals become 
infested through drinking water from infested pools 
or streams. 

Treatment. — Leeches may be removed by throwing 
a strong salt solution upon them, which causes them 
to loosen their hold. They may be removed with 
the aid of a dry towel or with forceps. 

NEMATODA. 

The order Nematoda includes worms that are 
round or cylindrical in shape. They are provided 
with a complete digestive apparatus. There are two 
sexes — male and female ; the females always larger 
than the males. They infest various parts of the 
body, as the intestinal tract, vascular system, lungs, 
abdominal cavity, etc. They may produce abscess, 



82 



PARASITOLOGY. 



hemorrhage, pneumonia, etc., causing unthrifty con- 
dition, loss of appetite, emaciation, anemia and 
death. 

FILARIDAE. 

The family Filaridae includes thread-like worms 
that infest various parts of the body, as the esopha- 
gus, stomach, vascular system aud abdominal cavity. 
Thev are not blood-suckers. 



(Scutem — shield) 
Scutata (Speira — spiral) 
(Pteron — wing). 

Synonym. — Gongylonema scUtata. 

Distribution. — Common in Am- 
erica and Europe. 

Description. — A thread-like worm, 
yellowish in color and two to four 
inches in length. The tail of the 
male is coiled, and is provided with 
two wings and two spiculae. The 
tail of the female is straight and the 
head is nude. It is ovoviviparous. 

Animals Infested. — The horse, the 
ox, the sheep and the pig. 

Parts Infested. — They are found 
coiled in a zig-zag manner in the 
mucous membrane of the esopha- 
gus. 
— No injury has been attributed to 




X «~ 



Fig. 



22— Spiroptera 
Scutata. 

a, Esophageal Mucous 

Membrane. 

b, Worm imbedded in 

spiral manner. 

Injtiry to Host 
their presence. 



Spiroptera Megastoma (Mega — large; stoma — mouth). 
Distribution. — Common in America and in Europe. 
Description. — A thread-like worm, white in color 



PARASITOLOGY. 83 

from one-half to three-fourths of an inch in length. 
The tail of the male is coiled in a spiral 
manner. This extremity is provided with C* k b 
two unequal spiculae and five anal papillae. Q 

The tail of the female is straight and ob- Fig. 23-Spi 
tuse; the vulva is situated near the ante- ROPTERA 

Megastoma. 

rior third of the body ; the female is ovo- a , Male, 
viviparous. The head is provided with b - Female - 
four thick lips. 

Animal Infested. — The horse. 

Parts Infested — Condition Produced. — The worms are 
found in the stomach of the horse, where they cause 
tumors ; the larvae find their way into the ducts of 
the gastric glands, where by their presence they pro- 
duce sub-mucous tumors ; these tumors develop until 
they are as large as pigeon's eggs and round or oval 
in shape, and the cavity of the tumor may contain 
dozens of the worms; an opening communicates 
with the interior of the stomach. The color of the 
mucous membrane over the tumor does not differ 
from that of the remainder of the mucous surface. 

Injury to Host. — When found usually only one or 
two tumors are present, and no serious disturbance 
has been noted. 

Spiroptera Microstoma (Micro — small ; stoma — mouth) . 
Distribution. — Found frequently in the 
United States and in Europe. 

Description. — In shape and color this 
worm resembles the preceding one. The 
Fig 24-Spi- male is about one-half inch long, the fe- 

ROPTERA 

microstoma, male three-fourths. The tail of the male 
b, Female, is coiled in a spiral manner ; the tail of 




84 PARASITOLOGY. 

the female is straight; she is ovoviviparous. The 
caudal extremity of the male is provided with two 
spiculae of unequal length and two anal papillae. 
The head is provided with two lateral lips. 

Animals Infested. — The horse, the ass and the mule. 

Pa?t Infested. — The stomach. 

Injury to Host. — The worms maybe found in myr- 
iads, free in the stomach contents. Occasionally one 
will be found with its head lodged in the mouth of 
a duct of a gastric gland. They may produce ulcers 
and interfere with the health of the animal. 

Treatment . — Benzine and gasoline, in doses of two 
to four drams, followed by physic. 

Spiroptera Strongylina (Strongylos — round). 

Distribution. — Found in Europe; not reported in 
the United States. 

Description. — A small white worm, thread-like in 
calibre. The male is about one-half inch in length ; 
the female three-fourths to four-fifths of an inch. 
The mouth is round, and is not provided with lips or 
papillae. The worm may be straight or curved in a 
half-moon shape ; it has narrow lateral wings on 
each side, just posterior to the head. 

Animal Infested. — The hog. 

Part Infested. — The stomach. 

Injury to Host. — The worms are found in sub-mu- 
cous tumors, but no harm has been attributed to 
them. 

Spiroptera Sanguinolenta (Sanguis — blood). 

Distribution. — North and South America, Asia and 
Europe. 

Description. — A thread-like worm, red in color. 



PARASITOLOGY. 85 

The male measures one to one and one-half inches 
in length; the female two to two and one-half 
inches. The tail of the male is curved in a spiral 
manner and provided with two unequal spiculae; the 
tail of the female is straight or slightly curved. The 
vulva is situated about one-fourth of an inch poste- 
rior to the head. 

Life Cycle. — The cockroach is the intermediate 
host. The roach finds the eggs of the worm in the 
feces of the dog. In the digestive tract of the cock- 
roach the embryo is liberated from the egg; the 
embryo burrows through the intestinal wall and 
becomes encysted in the abdominal cavity. The dog 
.in turn eats the cockroach whose abdominal cavity 
contains these encysted larvae. 

Animal Infested. — The dog. 

Parts Infested. — The esophagus and stomach. 

Co?idition Produced. — The larva becomes lodged 
in the walls of the esophagus or stomach and causes 
a tumor which may reach the size of a pigeon's egg. 
A cavity in the center of the tumor may contain as 
many as twenty worms. There is usually an open- 
ing at the summit of this tumor. If the tumor is 
located in the wall of the stomach it may rupture on 
the peritoneal surface, and may cause a fatal peri- 
tonitis. When tumors are located in the wall of the 
stomach vomiting is sometimes noted ; catarrh of the 
stomach and rapid loss of condition may follow. 

Simondsia Paradoxa (Simonds). 

Distribution. — Found in Europe ; have not been 
reported in the United States. 

History. — Discovered in 1852 by Mr. Simonds in a 
German pig in the London Zoological Garden. 



86 



PARASITOLOGY. 



Description. — The body is thread-like in calibre and 
tapers toward the head; the cephalic extremity is 
provided with two lateral membranous wings; the 
mouth is supplied with two papillae ; toward the 
posterior part of the body of the female there is 
developed a rosette-shaped organ which is formed 
by the everted uterus ; the tail of the male is coiled 
in a spiral manner and is provided with two spiculae; 
the male is one-half inch long, the female three-fifths 
inch. 

Animal Infested. — The pig. 

Part Infested. — The stomach. 

Condition Produced. — The males are found free in 
the stomach, while the females are found in small tu- 
mors. Large numbers of them may produce indi- 
gestion and inflammation. 

Filaria Papillosa (Filum — thread ; papilla). 
Synonym. — Filaria equina. 
Distribution. — Found in Amer- 
ica, Asia, Philippine Islands, etc. 

Description. — The body is long, 
thread-like, and white in color. 
It is attenuated at both ends. Sur- 
rounding the mouth are two rings, 
each provided with four papillae. 
The tail of the male is coiled in a 
.lar.a'papil- s P iral manner; the tail of the fe- 
losa. male is straight or slightly curved. 

a, Male. 

b, Female The male is two to three inches 

c, Spiral Tail of Male. 

d, Cephalic Extremity, long; the female three to four 
inches; the female is ovoviviparous. 

Animals Infested. — The horse, the ass and the mule. 
Parts Infested. — Peritoneal cavity, and, by migra- 




PARASITOLOGY. 87 

tion, other parts of the body, as scrotum, pleura, 
between muscles, etc. 

Injury to Host. — The Filaria Papillosa are common 
in horses in the United States, but are found only in 
small numbers and do not produce serious results. 
If found in large numbers they may cause anemia, 
debility and death. This filaria while in the imma- 
ture state may find its way to the eye, and the worm 
can then be seen floating in the aqueous humor. By 
opening the anterior chamber the worm can be taken 
from the eye. The name, Filaria Oculi, or Filaria 
Oculi Equina, has been given to this worm when 
found in this locality. When the worm finds its way 
to the eye it may cause inflammation, swelling of the 
eye and closure of the lid. The cornea may become 
opaque. 

Filaria Cervina (Filaria — a hair). 

Synonym. — Filaria Labiato-Papillosa. 

Distribution. — Very common in the United States, 
India, etc. 

Description. — In size, shape and color this worm 
resembles the Filaria Papillosa except that the head 
is provided with four papillae, the four outer ones 
being absent. The female is furnished with two 
lateral caudal papillae. Like the preceding it is 
ovoviviparous. 

Paris Infested. — Peritoneal cavity and by migration 
other parts of the body. The worms are found free ; 
occasionally one is found imbedded in a roll of fat 
just under the serous membrane. 

Injury to Host.— In the United States it is not 
found in large numbers, and no serious results are 
noted. Deaths due to infestation with myriads of 



88 PARASITOLOGY. 

these worms are reported from India. They have 
been reported as finding their way to the chambers 
of the eye. 

Filaria Immitis (Im — in; mittere — to send). 

Distribution. — America, Denmark, Italy, China, 
Japan, Brazil and other countries; especially preva- 
lent in low, marshy places. 

Description. — A long, thread-like worm, white in 
color and obtuse at both ends. The mouth is circu- 
lar and surrounded by six small papillae. The tail 
of the male is coiled in a spiral manner, making about 
three and one-half turns, and is provided with twenty- 
two papillae ; the spiculae are of unequal length. 
The male is six to seven inches long ; the female 
eight to ten ; the tail of the female is straight ; she 
is ovoviviparous. 

Life Cycle. — The mosquito is known to be an in- 
termediate host; in the intestinal tract of this insect 
the minute embryo finds its way up the Malpighian 
tubes and there passes through a non-motile stage 
into the larva. Later the larva becomes motile and 
migrates through the tissue to the head and enters 
the proboscis ; thus the dog is inoculated with the 
larval form at the time the mosquito punctures the 
skin. 

Animal Infested. — The dog. 

Parts Infested.— Right side of the heart and the 
pulmonary artery. 

Injury to Host. — Perhaps the first symptom noticed 
will be dullness, followed by debility and dropsy ; 
the dog is seized with convulsions, which become 
more severe as the worms become more numerous ; 



PARASITOLOGY. 89 

vomiting has been noted : the patient usually dies in 
convulsions. 

Post Mortem Findings. — In some cases hundreds 
of worms may be found in the right side of the heart 
and in the pulmonary artery ; in other instances a 
lesser number. Sometimes the worms are found 
wound in a mass obstructing the passage of blood 
and causing an endocarditis and endarteritis. 

ASCARIDAE. 

The family Ascaridae are commonly called Lum= 
bricoids because they resemble the earth worms in 
shape and color. They include a group of worms 
the bodies of which are much larger in calibre than 
the preceding family. The head parts are provided 
with three lips, and in most species stand out promi- 
nently, being marked by a constriction posteriorly. 
Species of this family infest the intestines of all 
animals, principally the young. 

Under the family Ascaridae is placed the genus 
Ascaris. They are not blood suckers. 

Ascaris Megalocephala (Megalo — large; Cephale — head). 

Distribution. — Widely distributed; common in the 
United States. 

Description. — This is the largest species of the 
family Ascaridae. The body is as large in calibre as 
a lead pencil; its color is a yellowish white and it is 
marked with transverse ridges ; the head is distinct 
and is provided with three lips ; the tail of the male 
is straight and it is provided with small lateral mem- 
branous wings and 80 to 100 papillae. In the female 
the vulva is located in the anterior one-fourth of the 



90 



PARASITOLOGY. 



body. The male measures eight to ten inches ; the 
female ten to twelve inches ; the female is ovipa- 
rous 

A n im a Is In fes ted. — 
The horse, the ass and 
the mule. 

Parts Infested. — The 
small intestines. 

Symptoms. — They are 
found free in the small 
intestines and consume 
food taken in by the 
host and digested ; thus 
they rob the host of its 
nutrients. By their 
"<K presence they may cause 
various troubles of di- 
Fig. 26-ascaris Megalocephala (a gestion : they may cause 
young one). a catarrhal condition of 

a, Head, Showing Three Lips. the sma]1 intes tineS, and 

b, Caudal Extremity. 

the irritation may be 
sufficient to produce diarrhoea, a rough coat and an 
unthrifty condition. Worms may be passed in the 
feces. 

Treatme?it. — An aloetic ball made of one ounce 
Barbadoes aloes, one dram powdered nux vomica, 
with a sufficient quantity of linseed meal and glycer- 
ine to make a bolus, followed by two drams tartar 
emetic twice a day ; or, two-dram doses of iron sul- 
phate three times a day for three or four days, con- 
joined with the aloetic ball; or, oil of turpentine 
two to three ounces, and two to three pints of raw 
linseed oil. 




PARASITOLOGY. 



91 



Ascaris Vituli (Vitulus — a calf.) 

Synonym. — Ascaris Bovis. 

Distribution. — Common in Southern Europe; rare 
in America. 

Description. — In this species the head is small and 
distinct; the lips are enlarged at the base and stand 
i ut prominently : the posterior extremity terminates 
in a conical point which is reddish white in color; 
the male is six to eight inches long ; the female is 
eight to ten inches long and oviparous. They have 
been known to ascend to the abomasum. 

Animal Infested.— Principally calves. 




Pig. 27— Ascaris Ovis. 
a, Cephalic Extremity. 
b Caudal Extremity. 

Parts Infested — Small intestines. 

Symptoms. — Large numbers cause unthriftiness and 
are said to produce colic and even inflammation of 
the mucous membrane of the intestine. 

Treatment. — Same as for horse ; the dose should 

vary with the size and age of the animal ; the physic 

should consist of from one-half to two pounds of 

Epsom salts. 

Ascaris Ovis (Ovis— sheep) . 

Distribution.— Found in Europe ; rare in America. 



92 



PARASITOLOGY 



Description. — The head is small and provided with 
three lips with denticulated borders. The upper lip 
is furnished with two small papillae ; the remaining 
lips have only one papilla each. The parasite is 
yellowish white in color ; is oviparous ; is attenuated 
at both ends. The male is four to six inches long; 
the female six to eight inches. 

Animal Infested. — Sheep. 

Parts Infested. — Small Intestines. 

Symptoms. — Similar to those in calves. 

Treatment. — Similar to that for calves. 

Ascaris Suilla (Suis — hog) . 

Synonyms — Ascaris 
Suis; Ascaris Lum- 
bricoides. 

Distribution . — Ve ry 
common in the United 
States; also found in 
other countries. 

Description. — The 
head is small; the 
superior lip is pro- 
vided with two papil- 
lae, which are located 
at the lower angles ; 
the two remaining 
lips are provided with 
one papilla each, lo- 
cated at the middle 
of the base ; the cau- 
dal extremity of the 
male is provided with 
sixty to seventy papillae ; the male is seven to ten 




Fig. 28— Ascaris Suis (a youn^j one) 

a, Cephalic Extremity. 

b, Caudal Extremity. 



PARASITOLOGY. 93 

inches long ; the female ten to twelve inches ; it is 
oviparous; pinkish white in color. 

Animal Infested. — The hog. 

Parts Infested. — The small intestines. 

Symptoms. — Large numbers cause various intes- 
tinal disorders, as indigestion, colic, diarrhoea and 
obstruction, followed by emaciation. Large num- 
bers always cause an unthrifty condition. If the 
worms ascend to the stomach they cause nausea and 
vomiting; if they enter the pancreatic duct they 
cause obstruction and inflammation of that part, and 
possibly jaundice. As much as two feet of the small 
intestines of the pig has been noted to be thoroughly 
filled with worms, which, upon being removed, were 
found in a tangled mass. 

Treatment . — The matter of medicating hogs is not 
so easy a task as in other animals ; the medicine may 
be put in milk or other thin fluid which is readily 
relished by them, then pouring this into a trough 
where all can share in the food ; it will be found 
that they can thus be satisfactorily medicated. San- 
tonin and powdered areca nut can be given together 
in the following proportions : The areca nut should 
be given in from one-half grain to one grain per pound 
weight, with santonin one to four grains per pig, 
depending on the size. The powdered areca nut, 
being an irritant, acts as a purgative. 

Ascaris Margivata (Marginatus — marginal). 
Synonym. — Maw worm. 

Distribution. — Common in the United States; also 
found in Europe and other countries. 

Description. — The body is pinkish white in color; 




94 PARASITOLOGY. 

the head is usually slightly curved and is provided 
with two lateral membranous wings which are broader 
behind than in front and make 
the head resemble an Indian ar- 
row; each lip is provided with 
a papilla ; the male is one and 
one-half to two inches long ; the 
female two to three inches ; the 
female is oviparous ; the vulva 
ginata. is located on the anterior third 

a. Cephalic Extremity. of tfa bo( j 

b, Caudal Extremity. J 

Animal Infested. — The dog. 

Parts Infested. — The small intestines. 

Symptoms. — The puppy is most often infested, 
though we find them in older dogs. About forty 
percent of the dogs are infested. The parasites cause 
irregularity of digestion, as diarrhoea, colic, nervous- 
ness, irregular appetite and unthrifty appearing coat, 
and later emaciation. If the parasites ascend to the 
stomach, nausea and vomiting are noted. The bowel 
may be occupied by large masses of these worms ; 
the passing of the worms is a diagnostic symptom. 

Treatment. — The dosage should vary with the age 
and size of the animal ; puppies take one-half grain 
santonin with five to ten grains areca nut. As the 
dog grows the dose of santonin may be increased 
to three or four grains, according to age and size. 
The dosage of powdered areca nut is one to two 
grains for each pound weight ; the areca nut is an 
intestinal irritant and acts as a purge. 

Ascaris MyStax (Mystax — mustache). 
Distribution. — Found common in America and 
other countries. 



PARASITOLOGY. 95 

Description. — In regard to its anatomical structure 
it is similar to the Ascaris Marginata of the dog, and 
by some is regarded as a smaller variety of the same 
species. 

Animal hifested. — The cat. 

Part Infested. — The small intestine. 

Symptoms. — If the worms ascend to the stomach 
nausea and vomiting are noted. Cats infested by 
large numbers of them show symptoms of nervous- 
ness and loss of appetite with various digestive dis- 
orders. The cat sits around and is dull and stupid. 

7reatme?it. — The same as in the dog, with corres- 
pondingly smaller doses. 

Ascaris Inflexa (Inflexis — to bend). 

Synonym. — Heterakis Inflexa. 

Description. — The body is yellowish white in color ; 
the male is one and one-half inches long ; the female 
one and one-half to two inches. 

Animals Infested. — Fowls. 

Parts Infested. — Intestines. 

Condition Produced. — Digestive disorders, as indi- 
gestion and diarrhoea, which may terminate in death. 
They have been found so numerous as to obstruct 
the lumen. 

Treatment. — For adult birds, powdered areca nut, 
twenty to thirty grains, made into pill form. Youn- 
ger birds should be given doses accordingly. Tur- 
pentine in doses of from one to two teaspoonfuls, 
given before feeding. 

OXYURIDAE. 

The worms that belong to the family Oxyuridae 
are commonly called pin worms. They include a 



96 PARASITOLOGY. 

group of worms whose heads are provided with three 
small lips. The body is rather heavy and in the 
female the tail is long and attenuated. The males 
are provided with spiculae and two pre-anal papillae, 
and a rudimentary caudal pouch. 

The Oxyuridae are not blood suckers. 

Under the family Oxyuridae is placed the genus 
Oxyuris. 

Oxyuris Curvula (Oxys — pointed; oura tail). 

Synonym. — Pin worm ; maw 
worm ; curved Oxyuris. 

Distribution. — Very common in 
the United States. 

Description. — The body is whit- 
ish in color and rather thick ; the 
head is blunt and is provided with 
three lips ; the tail of the female 
is long and attenuated ; the vulva 

Fig. 30— Oxyuris Cur- . .. , . ,, . ... , , 

vula (Female). ls located in the anterior third of 

a. Cephalic extremity, the body. The male is provided 

b. Caudal extremity. . . -, . -. . , 

wi:h a rudimentary caudal pouch 
and one spicula; the posterior extremity is blunt. 
T.ie male is from one-half to three-fourths inch in 
length ; the female is from one to one and one-half 
inches in length ; the female is oviparous. 

Animals Infested. — The horse, the ass and the mule. 

Parts Infested. — Throughout the length of the large 
intestine and the rectum. 

Condition Produced. — Their presence in large num- 
bers causes considerable irritation, which results in 
a catarrhal state. After evacuation of the bowels 
there is noted a small quantity of thick, whitish fluid 
around the anus (the prod act of catarrh) which dries 




PARASITOLOGY. 97 

in this region and appears as a white deposit. Pru- 
ritus may accompany this affection if the worms be 
lodged in the rectum. The animal rubs the root of 
the tail; as a result the hair becomes rough, broken, 
and has a matted appearance. The animal is un- 
thrifty ; the coat is rough; worms are passed with 
the feces, which is a diagnostic symptom. 

Treatment. — An aloetic ball containing powdered 
aloes one ounce and powdered nux vomica two drams, 
followed by tartar emetic two drams twice a day for 
three days ; or, iron sulphate, two- to three-dram 
doses twice daily for several days. 

Oxyuris Mastigodes (Mastix — whip; eidos — form). 

Synonym . — Long-tailed Oxyuris. 

Distribution. — Found throughout America and Eu- 
rope. 

Description. — Similar to the preceding species in 
size, shape and color ; the tail of the female is atten- 
uated ; the attenuated portion is three to four times 
the length of the body ; the female measures from 
three to four inches in length ; the male is similar to 
the male of the Oxyuris Curvula. 

Animals Infested. — The horse, the ass and the mule. 

Parts Infested. — The caecum, the colon and the rec- 
tum. 

Symptoms and Treatment. — Same as with the Oxy- 
uris Curvula. 

STRONGYLIDAE. 

The family Strongylidae includes a large group of 
blood-sucking worms. It includes six genera com- 
mon to the domesticated animals, viz.: Strongylus, 
Sclerostoma, Stephanurus, Syngamus, Oesophago- 
stoma and Uncinaria. 



98 PARASITOLOGY. 

The condition produced by the genus Strongylus 
is called Strongylosis. 

The condition produced by the genus Sclerostoma 
is called Sclerostomiasis. 

The condition produced by the Stephanurus is 
called Stephaniasis. 

The condition produced by the genus Syngamus 
is called Syngamosis. 

The condition produced by the genus Oesophag- 
ostoma is called Oesophagostomiasis. 

The condition produced by the Uncinaria is called 
Uncinariosis. 

The heads of some are provided with papillae ; 
others are nude, while some have a buccal armature 
consisting of membranous teeth. 

Some infest the stomach and the small or large in- 
testines ; others are found in the fat around the kid- 
ney and in the lungs, etc. The male is provided 
with a caudal pouch which may be a single pouch or 
divided into two (bilobate). The caudal pouch is 
composed of finger-like projections or ribs ; stretch- 
ing from rib to rib is a delicate membranous expan- 
sion which forms the pouch, the ribs acting as sup- 
ports. Two spiculae, usually of equal length, are 
observed. In some species they project beyond the 
pouch, others scarcely to its posterior border. The 
caudal pouch is used to clasp the female during th 
act of copulation. 

STRONGYLOSIS. 

Strongylosis is a condition in which the animal is 
infested by some of the strongle. There are five 
forms of strongylosis, viz.: 



PARASITOLOGY. 99 

Bronchial or Pulmonic Strongylosis,— infestation 

of the bronchi or lungs. 

Gastric Strongylosis,— infestation of the stom- 
ach. 

, Intestinal Strongylosis,— infestation of the intes- 
tines. 

Vascular Strongylosis,— infestation of the blood 
vessels. 

Renal Strongylosis,— infestation of the kidney or 
fat around the kidney with strongle. 

Wet seasons favor the development of the disease, 
as moisture insures the life of the embryo outside of 
the body of the animal. The disease is most preva- 
lent on low-lying and swampy lands. It may be 
spread by the ova or embryos being carried in the 
stream of water, or by infested animals being intro- 
duced into a herd ; the animal becomes infested 
through contaminated food and water. It is probably 
necessary for these worms to pass out of the host in 
order to complete a portion of their life history. If 
the ova or embryos fall into water or moist places 
they may remain alive for several months, provided 
there is no putrefaction of organic matter. At the 
end of one week they have been noted to moult, 
After a second moulting they apparently become 
shriveled and remain in the skin. In this state they 
may resist desiccation, and possibly cold tempera- 
ture, for a long time. Upon being taken in by the 
host they become revivified and develop into adult 
worms. A weakened physical condition lessens the 
animal's powers of resistance to the invasion of the 
parasites. 



100 PARASITOLOGY. 

BRONCHIAL AND PULMONARY STRONGYLOSIS. 

This condition is also called Verminous Bronchi* 
tis, or Verminous Pneumonia. 

In Bronchial Strongylosis the worms are found 
coiled in small balls in the bronchial tubes ; their 
presence causes bronchitis and may occlude the 
bronchial tube. 

In Pulmonary Strongylosis the worms find their 
way to the air saccules and produce a like condition. 
Bronchopneumonia may develop as a result of in- 
festation of both bronchi and air saccules. The 
bronchial type of the disease is most often found in 
the young animals, while the pulmonary form is 
found in the old ones. All animals are infested by 
their respective species of the genus Strongylus. 

Symptoms. — At autopsy, a few worms have been 
found in the lungs of animals that showed no signs 
of disease during life. The symptoms are slight at 
the commencement of an attack ; there is a loss of 
appetite and an unthrifty appearance of the animal, 
and finally emaciation. There is a rise of tempera- 
ture ; accelerated respiration due to the plugging of 
the bronchi with worms and mucus. 

It is accompanied by a cough which becomes more 
painful as the disease progresses. In later stages 
the fits of coughing are accompanied with convul- 
sions, and the animal finally dies of suffocation. The 
animal may expectorate ova or larvae. Upon aus- 
cultation mucus rales may be heard ; dullness may be 
noted on percussion. 

Treatment. — The problem of medicating large 
numbers of cattle, sheep or hogs infested by the lung 
worms is somewhat difficult. In horses and asses 



PARASITOLOGY. 



101 



the steaming with oil of eucalyptus and turpentine, 
of each one dram in one-half gallon of water, for 
one-half hour twice daily, will be effective treatment. 
The can is made cone shape, so that one end of a 
rubber hose can be attached to the top. The other 
end of the hose is attached to a hole in a disc-shaped 
board placed in the bottom of a grain sack ; in the 
top of the sack is a hoop which holds the sack open 
for the reception of the nose. 




THE LUNG WORMS. 

Strongylus Arnfieldi (Arnfield). 

Distribution. — Rare in the Unit- 
ed States. 

Description. — It is a thread-like 
worm, white in color; the mouth 
is orbicular and nude ; the caudal 
pouch of the male is short ; the 
spiculae do not project as far as the 
posterior border of the pouch ; 
the tail of the female ends obtuse- 
ly ; the male is from one to one 
and one-half inches long, the fe- 
male from two to two and one- 
half inches ; the female is ovipa- 
rous. 

Animals Infested. — The horse, 
the ass and the mule. 

Parts Infested. — The bronchi and 
lungs. 



Fig. 34— Strongylus Arnfieldi. 
Caudal Extremity of Female. 
a. Anus. 



102 



PARASITOLOGY. 




Fig. 31— Strongylus Arnfieldi ; Caudal Extremity of Male. 

a, Spiculae. 

b, Caudal Pouch showing special arrangement of ribs. 



PARASITOLOGY. 



103 




Fig. 32.— Strongylus Arnfieldi, 
Ova. 
Process of Segmentation. 
Drawing made from Ova in Utero, 
stained with eosin and methylin blue. 



.<*> 




Fig. 35— Strongylus Arnfieldi 
Adults about natural size, 
a, Male, 
b, Female, 



5ixi 



Fig. 33— Strongylus Arnfieldi 
Cephalic Extremity, 
a, Mouth, b, Oesophagus, 
c, Intestines. 



104 PARASITOLOGY. 

Strongylus Micrurus (Micros — small ; oura— tail). 

Distribution. — Common in certain localities of the 
United States ; found in Europe. 

Description. — The parasite resembles the preceding 
one in general appearance ; is white in color ; the 
mouth is circular and nude ; the spiculae of the male 
are short and strong, the caudal pouch small ; the 
body of the female tapers to a short, sharp tail ; the 
male is one and one-half to two inches long, the fe- 
male two to three inches ; the female is ovovivipa- 
rous. 

Animal Infested. — The ox. 

Parts Infested. — Bronchi and air cells. 

Strongylus Pulmonalis (Pulmo — a lung) . 

Distribution. — Found in America and Europe. 

Description. — The mouth is circular and is sur- 
rounded by small papillae ; the caudal pouch of the 
male is bell-shaped and is provided with seven ribs ; 
the tail of the female is attenuated, tapering to a 
sharp point ; the male is one to one and one-quarter 
inches long, the female one and one-quarter to one 
and one-half inches. 

Animals Infested. — Principally young calves. 

Parts Infested. — Principally bronchi. 

Condition Produced. — The conditions and symptoms 
are the same as given in the general description of 
verminous bronchitis. 

The malady is often called Hoose, Husk, or Paper 
Skin. 

Strongylus Filaria (Strongylos — cylindrical) 
(filum — a thread). 

Distribution. — Found in the United States and 
other countries. 



PARASITOLOGY. 105 

Description. — This parasite is filiform, white in 
color and attenuated at both extremities ; the mouth 
is circular and nude ; the caudal pouch of the male 
is well developed ; the spiculae do not reach to the 
outer border ; the male is two to three inches long, 
the female three to four inches ; the female is ovo- 
viviparous. 

A?iimals Infested. — The sheep, the goat and the 
camel. 

Parts Infested. — Bronchi and lungs. 

Disease Produced. — The disease is called Hoose, 
Husk, Paper Skin or Lamb Disease. 

Conditions and symptoms are the same as de- 
scribed under general symptoms. 

Strongylus Rufescens (Rufescent — reddish). 

Synonym. — Strongylus Ovis Pulmonalis. 

Distribution. — Found in some localities in United 
States. 

Description. — Thread-like and reddish brown in 
color ; the mouth is provided with three papilliform 
lips; the caudal pouch is small and has a shallow 
notch on each side ; the tail of the female terminates 
in a blunt point ; the male is one to one and a quar- 
ter inches long, the female one and one-quarter to 
one and one-half inches. 

Animals Infested. — Sheep and goat. 

Parts Infested. — Bronchi and lungs. 

Strongylus Paradoxus (Paradoxum — beside). 
Synonym. — Strongylus Elongatus. 
Distribution. — Common in the United States. 
Description. — The body is thread-like and white or 



106 PARASITOLOGY. 

brownish white in color ; the mouth is surrounded 
by six papillae ; the caudal pouch of the male is 
fairly well developed ; the spiculae are very long ; 
the tail of the female terminates in a blunt point ; 
the male measures about one inch in length, the fe- 
male one to one and one-half inches. 

Animal Infested. — The hog. 

Parts Infested. — The bronchi and lungs. 

Strongylus Pusili/'S (Pusillus — very little). 

Distribution. — Rare ; has been reported in Europe. 

Description. — A hair-like worm ; the mouth is nude ; 
the caudal pouch of the male is short ; the spiculae 
are long and slender ; the tail of the female termin- 
ates in a blunt point; the male is about one-sixth 
inch long, the female one-half inch ; the female is 
oviparous. 

Animal Infested. — The cat. 

Parts Infested. — The bronchi and lungs. 

Condition Produced. — Small pneumonic areas are 
produced throughout the lung by the presence of 
embryo or adult. These granules are yellowish 
white, and vary in size from a pinhead to a millet 
seed. The nodules project from beneath the pleura 
or they may be imbedded in an area of gray hepati- 
zation. The symptoms are similar to those mani- 
fested in larger animals. The frequent fits of cough- 
ing may be followed by vomiting. In later stages 
they lose condition, — stairy coat, emaciation and 
death. 

Treatment. — Steam inhalation of oil of eucalyptus 
and turpentine. 



u 




PARASITOLOGY. 107 

Strongylus Contortus (Contortus — twisted). 
Synonym. — Haemonchus Contortus. 
Distribution. — Common in many states, 
especially in the South and middle West. 
Description. — Hair-like in appearance ; 
Strongylus body white or pinkish white in color ; 
Contortus the mouth is nude ; two lateral papillae 
b, Female. are noted a short distance from the head; 
the cuticular surface has fine transverse 
striations ; the caudal pouch is bilobate, i. e., the 
pouch is divided into two parts ; the body of the 
female terminates in a pointed tail ; the male meas- 
ures four-fifths of an inch in length, the female about 
one inch. 

Life Cycle. — The female is oviparous. The ova 
are passed from the animal in the feces ; the egg 
thus passed has been found to be undergoing seg- 
mentation, and has hatched in from two to three 
days. The embryo is very small and is provided 
with a fine-pointed tail. In the development from 
the embryonic to the fully developed larval stage, it 
moults at least twice ; the embryo becomes shriv- 
eled in the last moult, and remains in the skin, in 
which state it is usually found upon blades of grass 
or other objects. In this state it can retain its vital- 
ity for several weeks, withstanding desiccation and 
freezing. When taken into the stomach the larva 
becomes revivified and developes into the adult 
htage. The worm is a bloodsucker and is often 
found attached to the mucous membrane, holding on 
by means of its buccal armature. 

A?iimals Infested. — The ox, the sheep and the goat. 
Parts Infested. — Abomasum and intestines. 



108 PARASITOLOGY. 

Symptoms. — This is a serious form of intestinal 
strongylosis, often causing great loss among cattle 
and sheep. The first symptoms are those of diar- 
rhoea loss of appetite, followed by gradual loss of 
condition. The mucous membranes become pale, 
due to the loss of blood; the hair becomes rough; 
there is great thirst and languor ; swellings may be 
noted about the head and chest ; the skin becomes 
dry, hence the condition has been called paper skin. 
The animal may die. 

Treatment. — Kamala, thymol, benzine, turpentine 
and gasoline have been given with more or less good 
results. The best results are probably derived from 
the following treatment: To cattle that have fasted 
over night give two to six ounces of gasoline once 
a day for four or five days. The first day give one 
to two pounds of Epsom salts. To lambs and sheep 
give two to eight drams of gasoline, after fasting, 
and drench with the proper amount of salts, as in 
cattle. It is recommended to give gasoline in doses 
sufficient to make the animal show symptoms as 
though drunk. 

Strongylus Ostertagi (Ostertag). 

Synonym. — Strongylus Convolutus. 

Distribution. — Found in the middle West and in 
the southern states ; also in Europe. 

Description. — The anatomical structure resembles 
that of the Strongylus Contortus. The color of the 
body is brownish yellow. The male measures one- 
third of an inch in length, the female one-half inch. 

Animals Infested. — The ox, the sheep and the goat. 

Parts Infested. — Abomasum and intestines. 



PARASITOLOGY. 109 

Condition Produced. — It becomes lodged in the mu- 
cous membrane of the abomasum and intestines, 
more commonly in the former location. Upon ex- 
amination of the infested tissue small nodules, the 
size of a pinhead or millet seed, will be observed. 
These nodules may be slightly depressed in the cen- 
ter. If this membrane be placed in a compressor 
glass it will be found to contain the larva or adult 
worm. 

Symptoms. — The symptoms are the same as those 
produced by the Strongylus Contortus. 

Treatment. — The same as for the Strongylus Con- 
tortus. 

Strongylus Armatus (Armatus — armed). 

Synonyms. — Sclerostoma Equinum, 
Palisade Worm, Armed Sclerostoma. 

Distribution. — Common in the 
United States, also found in other 
parts of the world. 

Description. — In calibre the body 
is the size of a small darning needle. 
It is whitish-brown shading to red, 
depending on the quantity of blood 
'C contained in its intestinal tract. Its 

Fig. 37— body is marked with transverse 

Strongylus Armatus , . ,, , -. , . . , 

a Male striae; the head terminates rather 

b, Female. bluntly ; its mouth is circular and 

c, Caudal extremity. . , , ... , , 

d, Cephalic extrem- provided with a buccal armature 
ity. (membranous teeth) by which means 

it holds on to the mucous membrane 
and sucks blood ; the male is provided with a well 
developed caudal pouch which gives the posterior 
part a "cut off" appearance ; the tail of the female 




110 



PARASITOLOGY. 



terminates in a blunt point ; the male is from one 
to one and one-quarter inches in length, the female 
one and one-half to two inches. 

Animals Infested. — The horse, the ass and the mule. 

Parts Infested. — Large intestines. 




Fig. 38— Strongylus Armatus.— Caudal 
Extremity. Male. Photomicro- 
graph lx% inch. 

a, Ribs, 

b, Web. 

Life Cycle. — The female is oviparous ; the ova pass 
out to the ground with the feces ; the embryos are 
taken in with the food or water which is contamin- 
ated with the excrements laden with the ova and 
embryos ; they penetrate the mucous membrane 
and cause a cyst or tumor varying in size up to a 
pea; in this tumor thus formed is found the imma- 
ture worm ; the embryos are also found in little pel- 



PARASITOLOGY. Ill 

lets among the intestinal contents ; after moulting 
they leave the cyst and become sexually mature in 
the intestines ; in the embryonic stage they may en- 
ter the blood stream, or possibly penetrate the tis- 
sues and become located in the trunk of the anterior 
mesenteric artery, where they produce aneurism. In 
the old horses used for dissecting purposes at the 
Kansas City Veterinary College, about sixteen 
percent are affected by these aneurisms. In some 
the larva are found penetrating the wall of the vessel, 
partly within and partly outside ; again they are 
found under the epithelial layer of the vessel, while 
many are found within the fibrin formed in the aneur- 
ism. If the aneurism becomes so serious as to clog 
the artery, then a condition known as thrombo=em= 
bolic colic results. 

Symptoms. — Many horses harbor the adult 

worms in the intestines without showing 

constitutional effects of such infestation ; but 

if the parasites are in sufficient numbers 

P they cause an unthrifty coat, loss of appetite, 

Fig 39 - anem i a diarrhoea, emaciation and possibly 
Strongy- 

lus arm a- death. It is now believed that the wounds 

tus, Larva, cause( j by blood-sucking worms in the in- 
taken from 
an aneur- testinal tract furnish an avenue for entrance 

ism of the j nto ^ e sys tem of infective micro-organ- 
great mes- 
enteric ar- isms. In thrombo-embolic colic the animal 

J; ery - „ suffers great pain, trembles, paws, lies 

a, Partially .11 • 

developed down frequently, perspires, looks at his ab- 

b ; Fully domen, rolls, and is in constant pain. In 

Larva. 6 later stages the patient has a drawn facial 

expression and an anxious look. The limbs 

and ears are cold. The pulse, which is at first 



112 PARASITOLOGY. 

strong, now becomes gradually weaker, still more 
accelerated, the breathing is hurried and the animal 
dies. 

Post Mortem Lesions. — Upon autopsy the aneurism 
is found which has obstructed the artery ; or, it may 
be that an embolus from the aneurism has caused the 
plugging of one of the mesenteric arteries, and thus 
cut off the blood supply to a part of the bowel, — this 
portion of the bowel becomes very dark, in some 
instances black, due to venous congestion. 

Strongylus Vasorum (Vas — a vessel). 

Distribution. — Reported in Europe. 

Descriptioyi. — The worm is thread-like in calibre 
and white or pink in color ; the mouth is nude ; the 
male is provided with a short, bilobate caudal pouch 
and two long spiculae ; the male is two-fifths of an 
inch in length, the female one-half inch. 

Animal Infested. — The dog. 

Parts hifested. — The adult infests the blood-vessels, 
especially of the right side of the heart, and the pul- 
monary artery ; the larva infests the lungs. 

Condition Prodiiced. — The ovum or embryo becomes 
lodged in the small arteries of the lungs, and it pro- 
duces thrombosis. Its presence also causes a small 
granule or tubercle to form in the lung tissue ; in 
the center of the tubercle is found the ovum or em- 
bryo, surrounded by epithelial, embryonic and giant 
cells, as found in the tubercles caused by the bacillus 
of tuberculosis. 

Symptoms. — Sudden dyspnoea, anemia, emaciation 
and oftentimes cough. Ova or embryos may be ex- 
pelled by the fits of coughing. 




PARASITOLOGY. 113 

Sclerostoma Tetracanthum (Sclera — hard ; stoma — 

mouth) 
(Tetra — four ; acanthos — 

thorn). 

Distribution. — Common in the United 
States. 

Description. — In calibre the body is 

the size of an ordinary pin, and white 

or pinkish in color; it tapers slightly 

Fig. 40-Sclero- anteriorly, and in this respect it differs 

stoma Tetra- f rom the Strongylus Armatus that is 

a Male. often found in company with it. The 

b, Female. mouth is circular and is provided with 

c, Caudal Ex- . .„ , . , . . , 

tremity. six papillae, four or which are much 

d, Cephalic Ex- larger than the two remaining ones, and 

tremity. n ,. 

are arranged so as to form a square ; 
the caudal pouch is short ; the tail of the female ter- 
minates in a blunt point ; the male is two-fifths to 
three-fifths of an inch long, the female three-fourths 
of an inch. 

Life History. — The ova pass out to the ground 
with the feces ; they are taken in by the host through 
food or water soiled by the excrement of infested 
animals. The embryos embed themselves in the 
mucous membrane of the bowel and form cysts. 
Some are found in small, hard pellets in the bowel. 
In the adult state they are found free in the intes- 
tinal tract. 

Animals Infested. — The horse, the ass and the mule. 

Parts Infested. — Caecum and colon. 

Condition Produced. — The adult sclerostomes are 
blood suckers; by means of their buccal armature 
they wound the mucous membrane and suck blood; 



114 PARASITOLOGY. 

these wounds often furnish channels through which 
infection may take place. When found in large num- 
bers they produce an unthrifty appearance, anemia, 
emaciation, hemorrhagic diarrhoea and may pro- 
duce death. 

Treatment — The same as for the Strongylus Arma- 
tus, viz: Physic and tartar emetic. 

Sclerostoma Hvpostomum (hypo — under, stoma — mouth) 

Distribution. — Found in the United States and 
Europe. Not very common. 

Description. — The body is thread-like, white in 
color and rigid ; the head is slightly globular ; the 
mouth parts are provided with a double row of mem- 
branous teeth; the head is surrounded by six papillae; 
the caudal pouch is short and gives the male a cut 
off appearance; the tail of the female terminates in 
a blunt point. The male is three fifths of an inch in 
length, the female about one inch. 

Life History. Mode of Infestation. — The female is 
oviparous, the ova pass out to the ground with the 
feces; the embryos after emerging from the ova go 
through certain changes and are then taken in by 
the host through the food and water. Upon reach- 
ing the intestinal tract they develop into the mature 
form. 

Animals Infested. — The sheep and goat. 

Parts Infested. — Small and large intestines. 

Co7idition Produced. — By means of the buccal arm- 
ature they hold on to the mucous membrane and suck 
the blood; punctiform hemorrhages have been noted 
in the intestinal mucosa ; when in large numbers 
they cause disturbance in digestion, a general un- 



PARASITOLOGY. 



115 



thrifty appearance, diarrhoea, emaciation, anemia 
and possibly death. These wounds often furnish 
channels through which infection may take place. 

Treatment. — Physic and gasoline are prescribed as 
in infestation with the Strongylus Contortus. 

( Dentos — toothed ) 
Stephanurus Dentatus (Stephanos — a crown) 

(Oura — a tail"!. 

Synonym. — Sclerostoma pinguicola. Kidney worm. 
Lard worm. 

Distribution. — In the United States found espec- 
ially in southern hogs; not so common in northern 
ones. Also found in Brazil and Australia. 

Description. — The body is 
slightly larger than a knitting 
needle; the outer integument is 
transparent; the dark intestinal 
tract shows through the integu- 
ment, which gives the worm a 
mottled appearance. Both 
caudal and cephalic extremities 
present a blunt appearance ; the 
head part is provided with six 
papillae; the tail of the male is 
provided with a caudal pouch; 
the male is one to one and one- 
fourth inches long, the female 
one and one-fourth to one and one-half inches. 
Animal Infested. — The hog. 

Parts Infested. — It infests the fat in the sublumbar 
region. 

Condition Produced. — Small abscesses varying in 
size to a pigeon's egg are found in the fat in the 




Fig. 41.— 

Stephanurus Dentatus 

a, Male. 

b, Female. 

c, Caudal extremity. 

d, Cephalic extremity. 



116 PARASITOLOGY. 

sublumbar region ; when these abscesses are cut 
open the center is found to contain a small amount 
of purulent material and usually a male and female 
sometimes three or four worms; the worms rarely 
invade the kidney ; occasionally they may be found 
in the pelvis of that organ. They may invade the 
psoae muscles and lymph glands in various parts of 
the abdominal cavity; they have also been observed 
in the liver ; thus multiple abscesses are sometimes 
observed in advanced cases. 

Syngamus Tracheal rs (Syn — with; Trachea.) 
(Gamus — Marriage) . 

Synonyms. — Gap worm. Sclerostoma Trachealis. 

Distribution. — Found widely distributed through- 
out the United States. 

Description. — The head is provided with capsule- 
like rings in the center of which are placed six lancet- 
like teeth; the male is small, only one-fourth to one- 
third of an inch in length, and is provided with a 
caudal pouch ; the female is about one inch in length ; 
the tail teminates in a blunt point ; the vulva is 
located in the anterior third; the male clasps the 
female firmly during the act of copulation and does 
not release its hold even after it is removed from 
the host ; this gives the specimen a forked appear- 
ance ; the small one the male, the large one the 
female. 

Life Cycle. — Upon death and decomposition of the 
gap worm the ova are liberated in water or moist 
places, and the embryos develop into minute hair-like 
worms. The bird becomes infested through the food 
or water ; the larva migrate through the abdominal 



PARASITOLOGY. 117 

air sacs to the bronchi, where they develop to full size. 

Animals Infested. — Principally young chickens, 
turkeys, pea fowls and wild game. 

Paris Infested. — The trachea. 

Disease Produced. — Gapes, syngamus bronchialis, 
syngamosis. 

Symptoms. — The worms, finding their way to the 
trachea, attach themselves to the mucous membrane 
by means of their buccal apparatus, and by means of 
the six teeth they wound the mucous membrane and 
suck the blood; the bird is noticed to open its mouth 
frequently and gasp for air on account of the partial 
occlusion of the air passage by the worms; wheez- 
ing and coughing are also noted. Often the worms 
may be expelled during a severe fit of coughing ; 
the bird has a loss of appetite, appears dull and 
stands around with drooping wings ; finally when the 
worms form sufficient bulk to occlude the lumen 
of the trachea the animal, in its death struggle, is 
observed to throw its head over the back and, gasp- 
ing, dies of asphyxiation. 

Prophylaxis. — Moisture is necessary for the devel- 
opment of the larva; if birds be kept on a board 
floor until they are half grown the greatest danger 
will be eliminated ; the floors and runs should be 
frequently sprinkled with a 1% solution of creolin or 
carbolic acid. The drinking and feeding dishes 
should be cleansed occasionally with antiseptic solu- 
tion. The dead carcasses should be burned. 

Treatment. — A horse-hair doubled several times, 
forming a loop, is often thrust down the bird's throat, 
twisted several time and withdrawn ; the worms in 
this way are removed. 




118 PARASITOLOGY. 

Oesophagostoma Inflatum (Stoma — mouth ; Inflated). 
Distribution. — Found in the middle west and south. 
Description. — The worm is thread- 
like in calibre and white in color ; the 
cephalic extremity is crooked, which 
gives the worm the appearance of a 
cane ; the mouth is circular and pro- 
vided with six prominent papillae ; the 
Fit: - 42 anterior extremity of the worm is pro- 

Oesophagostoma . , - . , , , , i 

inflatum vided with a transparent, globe shaped 

a ' Male - apparatus ; this is followed by two 

c Cephalic ex- lateral wings; the male is provided 

tremit y- with a well developed caudal pouch, 

d, Caudal ex- 
tremity, which gives the worm a cut-off appear- 
ance ; it is provided with two long spicu- 
lae ; the tail of the female terminates in a sharp 
point; the male is about three-fourths of an inch long, 
the female one inch. 

Life Cycle. — The ova find their way to the ground 
through the feces ; the animal becomes infested 
through the food or water that is contaminated by 
by the ova or embryo. Upon reaching the intestinal 
tract the embryos embed themselves in the muc- 
ous membrane, forming a cyst, where they proceed 
with their development; they reach maturity only in 
the intestinal tract. 

Animals Infested. — Cattle. 

Parts Infested. — Small and large intestines. 

Symptoms. Condition Produced. — Oftentimes cysts 
in the mucous membrane are so numerous as to 
thoroughly stud the surface of both small and large 
intestines; this interferes with digestion and absorp- 
tion and is a source of irritation; the adults in the 




Fig. 43.— Oesophagostoma Inflatum. (Cephalic extremity). 
Photomicrograph, 1x1%. 

a, Mouth with papillae c. Lateral membranous wings 

b, Globe shaped inflation. d, Anterior part of body. 




Fig. 44.— Oesophagostoma Inflatum Caudal extremity of male. 
Photomicrograph, 1 x %. 
a. Caudal pouch. b, Spiculae. c, Posterior part of body, [119 



120 



PARASITOLOGY. 



intestinal tract are blood suckers ; they wound the 
mucous membrane and suck the blood; this adds to 
the irritation and produces anemia; the symptoms as 
noted are diarrhoea, thirst, loss of appetite, unthrifty 
coat, anemia and possibly death. 

Treatment. — Many drugs have been tried with 
more or less good results ; areca nut, santonin, ka- 
mala, etc. Good results will be obtained by fasting 




Fig, 45.— Oesophagostoma Inflatum. Caudal extremity, female 

a, Sharp terminal point. b, Anus. 

Photomicrograph, 1 x % 

the animal for 24 hours, then give one and one-half 
pounds of salts followed by from two to six ounces 
of gasoline; calves must receive a proportionately 
smaller dose; for large bunches of cattle sulphate of 
iron and salt kept constantly before the animals will 
be effectual in destroying many of the worms. By 



PARASITOLOGY. 121 

constantly taking the sulphate of iron into the 
intestinal tract it will create an unfavorable place for 
the development and life of the worm. 

Oesophagostoma Columbianum (Columbia). 
Synonym. — Oesophagostome of Columbia. 
Distribution. — Found commonly in the United 
States. First discovered in the District of Columbia. 
Description. — The worm is thread- 
like in calibre, white in color, slightly 
tapering anteriorly; the mouth is circu- 
lar and provided with a double row of 
teeth arranged in a crown -like form; 
Fig. 46— the caudal pouch of the male is saucer- 

Oesophagostoma shaped ; the tail of the female termin- 

COLUMBIANUM . , , , , l( - 

a Ma]e- ates in a rather sharp point ; the male 

b, Female. measures about three fourths of an 

inch in length, the female about one inch. 
Life Cycle. — The ovigerous female lays its eggs in 
the intestinal tract, which find their way to the ex- 
ternal world with the feces ; the embryos are taken 
up by the host through the contaminated food and 
water; upon reaching the intestinal tract they pene- 
trate the mucous membrane and produce nodules 
which are irregular in outline and vary in size up to 
a pea ; these nodules are found in both small and 
large intestines; often in badly infested cases em- 
bryos are noted to invade the mesentery and mes- 
enteric lymph glands and liver. The tumor, smaller 
in size than a pin-head, contains a cyst in which is 
found a growing embryo coiled in a ring-like shape, 
floating in a colorless fluid ; in the second stage the 
embryo is still in the cyst but a small quantity of 



122 PARASITOLOGY. 

greenish, cheesy pus has accumulated around it ; in 
nodules larger than a pin-head the entire contents 
are a cheesy mass ; the cyst wall is ruptured and the 
worm is found free, wandering within the capsule ; 
in the larger nodules the cheesy material is quite 
hard except at the side where the worm is found. 
Nearing maturity the worm leaves the nodule and 
becomes sexually mature only in the intestinal tract; 
the nodule now gradually shrinks in size until it is 
quite small and filled with earthy material. 
Animals Infested — The sheep, goat and ox. 




Fig. 47.— Nodular Disease. 

a, Nodule caused by larva of Oesophagostome of Columbia. 

b, Section of small Intestine. 

Parts Infested. — Small and large intestines. 

Disease Produced. — Nodular disease. 

Condition Produced. — Nodular disease is common 
in native but seldom if ever found in range sheep. 
In badly infested cases the entire intestinal canal 
may be thorougly studded with the nodules, which 
are irregular in outline and push the serous coat out; 
the nodule lies under the serous covering of the 
bowel and can be readily told from the tubercle pro- 
duced by the bacillus of tuberculosis by the fact that 
the latter is smooth, and that in tuberculosis the 
lymph glands adjacent to the affected part will be 



PARASITOLOGY. 123 

tuberculous; in the infested sheep that are slaught- 
ered the gut is rendered unfit for casings, by the 
disease. 

Symptoms. — This form of oesophagostomiasis is not 
so fatal as that caused by the oesophagostoma 
inflatum; the fleece may appear dry ; it may be the 
cause of partial loss of the wool crop. There may 
be diarrhoea, general debility, anemia, sunken eyes, 
emaciation and death. 

In cattle it does not prove serious in the United 
States. Only a few nodules are found when these 
animals are infested ; these nodules are usually con- 
fined to the small intestines. 

Treatment. — To destroy the adult worm in the 
intestinal tract, the same treatment is advised as in 
the Strongylus Contortus ; salt and sulphate of iron 
constantly before them will also prove beneficial. 

Oesophagostoma Dentatum. (Dentis — tooth). 

Synonym. — Oesophagostoma Subulatum. 

Distribution. — Occasionally found in the United 
States. 

Description. — The body is small in calibre and 
white or grayish-brown in color; the worm slightly 
tapering anteriorly; the mouth is circular and pro- 
vided with six papillae; the head is followed by a 
constriction. The caudal pouch of the male is short; 
the tail of the female terminates in a rather sharp 
point ; the male is one-third to one-half inch long ; 
the female is one-half to three-fourths inch. 

Animal Infested. — The hog. 

Parts Infested. — The caecum and colon; the writer 
has found them in the kidney once ; they have also 
been reported once in the liver. 



124 PARASITOLOGY. 

Symptoms. — If only a few worms are found no se- 
rious results are noted; if infested in 
great numbers they produce gradual 
anemia as a result of the loss of blood ; 
irregularities in digestion, diarrhoea, 
Oesophagostoma unthriftiness, emaciation and finally 
Dentatum. death. In some cases of infested hogs 

a, Male. 

b, Female. when the colon is opened the con- 

tents are fairly alive with the wriggling 
myriads of the Oesophagostoma Dentatum ; a posi- 
tive diagnosis is finding the ova and worms in the 
feces. 

Treatment. — Fast the hog for twenty-four hours ; 
then give areca nut and santonin the same as for the 
Ascaris Suilla. 

Uncinaria Radiata. (Uncinatus — hooked) 
(Radiatus — radiate) . 

Synonym. — Hook worm. 

Distribution. — Found in various parts of the United 
States. Common in certain parts of Texas. 

Description. — The worm is the size c 
of a large thread in calibre and white 
in color ; the caudal pouch of the male 
causes that extremity to appear blunt ; 
the tail of the female terminates in a 
rather sharp point ; the mouth parts 
are provided with hooklets with which 
it holds on to the mucous membrane ; radiata 
the male is about three-fourths of an *■ ^ ale- , 

b, remale. 

inch long, the female about one inch. d.Caudai extrem- 
ity. 
Animal Infested. — The ox. c " cephalic ex- 

Parts Infested. — Small intestines. tremity. 
Conditions Produced. — Causes uncinariosis in cat- 




Fig. 49.- 
Uncinaria 



PARASITOLOGY. 125 

tie; they are blood suckers of the worst type, and 
myriads robbing the host of blood cause an un- 
thrifty condition; in calves they cause a stunted 
growth; later anemia, emaciation and possibly death. 

Treatment . — The same as for the Strongylus Con- 
tortus. 

Uncinaria Cernua. (Cernuus — bent down). 

Synonyms. — Hook worm. Dochmius Cernua. 

Distribution. — Frequently found in Southern 
United States. 

Description. — A thread-like worm, yellowish white 
in color; the body is rigid and attenuated at both 
ends; the mouth is circular and provided with four 
hook-like teeth; the buccal cavity is ovoid in shape; 
the male is one-half to three-fourths of an inch long, 
the female one inch. 

Life History. — The ova, reaching water or moist 
earth, hatch into the embryonic state ; if conditions 
are favorable they moult in three days; in five days 
they moult the second time ; when taken into the 
intestinal tract at this time they invade the mucous 
membrane (if not taken in at this stage they will 
perish in about four weeks) ; they now fasten them- 
selves to the mucous membrane and develop into 
the mature worm in about fifteen days; during this 
time they moult twice. 

Animals Infested. — The sheep and goat. 

Parts Infested. — Small and frequently the large 
intestines. 

Mode of Infestation. — Like other worms of the 
family Strongylidae, the pools of w r ater, ponds, 
pastures and other food become contaminated by 
feces from infested sheep, laden with the ova; here 



126 PARASITOLOGY. 

under favorable conditions the larval form develops; 
thus the sheep become infested through food and 
water; the embryo may be carried by small streams 
of water and thus spread contagion. 

Conditions Produced. — Seldom cause serious results, 
but if found in large numbers they may cause con- 
ditions similar to those caused by the Strongylus 
Contortus, such as unthrifty coat, partial loss in wool 
crop, diarrhoea, anemia, and if in sufficient numbers 
emaciation and death. 

Treatment. — The same as for the Strongylus 
Contortus. 

Uncinaria Canina (Canis — dog). 

Synonyms. — Uncinaria Trigonocephala. Dochmius 
Trigonocephala. Anchylostoma Trigonocephala. 

Distributio7i. — Common in the United States, also 
found in Europe. 

Description. — It has a thread-like body, white in 
color; a large buccal cavity ; the mouth is provided 
with six hook-like teeth ; by means of these hooklets 
it holds firmly to the mucous membrane and aided 
by its strong muscular oesophagus draws blood; 
they are still found attached to the mucous mem- 
brane after death of the dog; the tail of the male 
has a well developed caudal pouch ; the tail of the 
female terminates in a sharp point ; the male is about 
one-half inch long, the female three-fourths inch. 

Life History. — Same as the other species of the 
Uncinaria. The methods of infestation are the same. 

Animals Infested. — The dog, cat, and fox. 

Parts Infested. — Small and large intestines. 

Symptoms — Uncinariosis among the dogs is very 
common ; it is more fatal among puppies than older 



PARASITOLOGY. 



127 




Fig. 50.— Uncinaria Canina, natural size. 

a, Male. 

b, Female. 

Fig. 51.— Caudal extremity of the male, magnified 350 diameters. 

a, Spiculae. 

b, Ribs of caudal pouch. 

c, Web of caudal pouch. 

d, Posterior part of body. 




Fig. 52 — Uncinaria Canina. Cephalic extremityof female, magnified 
350 diameters. 



a, Hookl-ets. 



b, Mouth cavity. 



c, Oesophagus. 





Fig. 53.— Section of body of female, magnified 100 diameters, showing the 
ova to have formed in worm not to exceed five weeks old. 
a. Ovum. b, Intestine. 

Fig. 54. — Caudal extremity of the female, magnified 100 diameters. [128 



PARASITOLOGY. 129 

dogs ; the worms, when occurring in large numbers, 
cause derangement of digestion, dullness and indif- 
ference; the young pup may whine or cry; tympani- 
tes, and in some cases diarrhoea ; there is loss of 
appetite, nervousness and in some cases nausea ; 
later anemia and emaciation is noted and the animal 
succumbs to the disease. 

Treatment. — Santonin and areca nut prove the 
most effectual parasiticides. The areca nut is an 
irritant to the bowels and acts as a vermifuge or 
purge. The following combination gives good 
results in ridding the bowel of these worms. 

1^ Powdered area nut 5 iii 

Crystal santonin gr xx 

Syrup ad. q. s 5 iv 

Mix. Sig. — Give two to three drams at a dose. 
Repeat dose in five days. 

Uncinaria Stenocephala (Stenos — narrow). 

( Cephale — head ) . 

Synonyms. — Dochmius Stenocephala. Anchylos- 
toma Stenocephala. 

Distribution. — Not common in the United States, 
more common in Europe. 

Description. — The body is thinner than the Uncin- 
aria Canina ; the head is narrow ; the caudal pouch 
is trilobate ; on each side of the ventral wall of the 
buccal cavity is a hooklet ; the tail of the female 
terminates in a rather sharp point ; the male is about 
one-third to one inch long ; the female three-fourths 
inch. 

The life history, symptoms, and treatment are the 
same as for the Uncinaria Canina. 



130 PARASITOLOGY. 

TRICHOTRACHELIDAE. 

The family Trichotrachelidae includes a group of 
blood sucking worms, provided with a nude head; 
in the adult state they infest the intestinal tract. 

(Trix— a hair) 
Trichocephalus Depressiusculus (Cephale— head) 

(Depressus depress) 
Synonym. — Whip worm. 

Distribution. — Found occasionally in the United 
States, also in Europe. 

Description. — This worm in shape resembles the 
old fashioned "black snake" whip; the posterior 
part of the body is about the calibre of a thread ; the 
anterior two-thirds is attenuated, resembling a hair; 
it is white in color; its mouth is nude; the large part 
of the body of the male forms a coil ; the correspond- 
ing part of the female is straight or slightly curved ; 
the male is provided with a spicula; the vulva of the 
female is located in the anterior 
portion of the large part of the 
body ; the male measures from 
one to one and one-fourth inches 
in length; the female from one and 
one-fourth to one and one-half 
Fig- 55.- inches. 

Trichocephalus Depres- T ., TT . , m, , -, 

siuscuius. Lite History. — The ova, placed 

l, Female. in water and kept at a warm tem- 

2 Male 

a,' Cephalic extremity, perature will hatch and develop 

b, Caudal complete embryos in from four to 

five months ; if these be fed to 

dogs they develop to the adult stage; drying or 

desiccation of the eggs or embryos stops their de- 




PARASITOLOGY. 131 

velopment, but upon again being placed in moist sur- 
roundings, they will revivify and complete this phase 
of their life cycle, providing the desiccation has not 
been for too long a period. 

Animal Infested. — The dog. 

Part Infested. — The caecum. 

Symptoms. — They hold firmly to the mucous mem- 
brane of the caecum and suck blood; specimens of 
the bowel prepared for the museum still contain the 
worms, though dead, tightly holding on to the mu- 
cous membrane. 

Conditions Produced. — If the animal is infested by 
large numbers it may show a progressive anemia 
and gradual emaciation; a derangement of digestion, 
diarrhoea and possibly death of the host. 

Treatment. — The same as for the Uncinaria Canina. 

(Affinis — marriage) 
Trichocephalus Affinis (Trix — hair) 

(Cephale — head ) 

Distribution. — Found in the United States and 
Europe. 

Description. — Its body and general appearance re- 
sembles the Trichocephalus Depressiusculus ; the 
large part of the body of the male is tightly coiled ; 
the body of the female is straight; the tail terminates 
very bluntly ; the head is provided with two vesicu- 
lar lobes; the hair-like portion contains the oesoph- 
agus and a portion of the intestine ; the large portion 
the intestine and reproductive organs; the male 
measures from one to two inches in length ; the 
female one and one-half to two and one-half inches. 
The only difference between those of sheep and 
those of cattle is the length. 




132 PARASITOLOGY. 

Animals Infested. — The ox, sheep, and goat. 

Parts Infested. — The colon and 
caecum. 

Condition Produced. — The em- 
bryos, upon being taken into the 
digestive tract of the host, have 
been observed to reach maturity 
in two to three weeks ; they hold 
Trichocephalus affinis firmly to the mucous membrane 
Sheep and suck blood ; only a few have 

2 Male been noted in infested animals 

a, Cephalic extremity, and no serious results have been 

b, Caudal extremity. -, . ... 

reported in this country. 

Trichocephalus Crenatus (Crena — notch). 

Synonyms. — Whip worm; Trichocephalus Dispar. 

Distribution. — Occasionally found in the United 
States. 

Description. — In shape and appearance the male and 
female resemble the Trichocephalus Affinis of sheep ; 
the male measures one to one and one-quarter inches 
long, the female one and one-half inches. 

A?iimals hifested. — The pig. 

Parts Infested. — The small intestines. 

Conditions Produced. — They are found firmly 
attached to the mucous membrane. When only a 
few are present no serious results occur ; when myr- 
iads are present they cause diarrhoea, indigestion and 
an unthrifty condition. 

Trichina Spiralis (Trix — hair; spira — coil). 
Distribution — Common in United States and many 
European countries. Trichina was first discovered 
by Peacock in 1828, in England. Found in about one 



PARASITOLOGY. 133 

and one-half percent of the hogs in the United States. 

Description. — The adult worm is capillary in size 
and one-twelfth inch in length; the larva is one- 
twenty-fifth inch in length ; the female is ovovivipa- 
rous; the ova undergo complete development in the 
uterus and hatch in the external genital organs and 
then escape; the larvae become encysted in lemon 
shaped cysts which appear as very minute white 
specks, scarcely visible to the unaided eye ; a micro- 
scopic examination is necessary to make a diagnosis. 

Life History. — When meat containing the live 
encysted larva is eaten by animals, in from eighteen 
to twenty hours the meat surrounding the cyst and 
cyst capsule is digested ; the larva thus liberated 
develops into mature form in from three to four days; 
frequently on the third day the ovary shows ova in 
process of segmentation ; ovulation commences 
about the sixth or seventh day ; this period lasts five 
to six weeks, during which time as many as two 
thousand embryos may be produced by each female; 
as soon as laid the embryos pass through the stomach 
or intestinal wall and migrate to various parts of the 
body; they may burrow directly through the tissues 
or they may enter the blood and be carried by the 
blood current, or the lymph vessel and be carried by 
the lymph stream ; at the end of eight or ten days 
the embryo reaches a resting place and coils in a 
kind of loop, then in a figure three shape, finally in a 
coil of about one and one-half turns. As a result of 
the irritation in the elements of the surrounding tis- 
sue there is produced a cyst enclosing the embryo; 
the embryo soon arrives at the fully developed larval 
state ; the cyst is usually lemon shaped, although it 



134 PARASITOLOGY. 

may appear nearly round ; the long axis is parallel 
with the muscle fiber ; the cyst usually contains only 
one larva although as many as seven have been ob- 
served ; in this cyst the parasite remains dormant until 
the animal is killed and the meat is eaten, or if not 
slaughtered for several months the cyst will undergo 
degeneration. Two kinds of degeneration are noted, 
fatty and calcareous ; in a few months the cysts are 
usually observed to commence fatty degeneration; 
first there are noted a few fat globules at the polls ; 
these gradually increase and the fat is set free and 
invades the whole cyst; at about the seventh month 
lime salts (carbonate and phosphate) begin to ap- 
pear; calcification is usually complete about the 
twentieth month; during this process the cyst gradu- 
ally becomes opaque until the outline of the larva 
can scarcely be seen. Birds prove unfavorable sub- 
jects for muscular trichinosis; they, however, de- 
velop the intestinal form. 

Animals Infested. — Man, hog, dog, rat and, experi- 
mentally, other animals. 

Parts Infested. — Adults infests the intestine ; the 
larval form infests the muscle structures. 

Conditions Produced. — This parasite produces two 
form of trichinosis ; the adult infests the intestinal 
tract and produces intestinal trichinosis; the worm 
lives about six weeks ; the larva is found wandering 
in the tissues and, finally encysted, this form is 
muscular trichinosis. 

Symptoms. — Man : — Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea 
and vertigo; elevation of temperature with acceler- 
ated pulse and respiration; great muscular pain dur- 
ing migration of the embryos ; contraction of certain 



PARASITOLOGY. 135 

groups of muscles ; the pain lasts only during the 
migration of the embryos ; atter encystment there is no 
pain. Hogs: — The intestinal form causes diarrhoea ; 
the migration of the embryos pruritus, rubbing, 
scratching, stiffness of gait, difficulty in swallowing 
and mastication, difficult and painful respiration. 
The disease is usually fatal in man; it is not liable to 
be fatal in the hog or rat. 

Vitality. — Vermifuges and vermicides have little 
effect upon them. Degeneration usually destroys 
the larvae in the cysts in from twelve to eighteen 
months, although cases are on record where their 
vitality has lasted much longer. They will live one 
hundred days in decaying meat. Fourteen degrees 
below zero, Cent., will kill them. 

Complete salting kills those that are superficial in 
a short time, but those in the deeper parts live for a 
long time. Sausage in pickle 15 days destroys them. 
Sausage in hot smoke kills them in 24 hours, cold 
smoke 3 days. 

To determine if Trichina are alive two methods 
can be used. First, feed a small bird the trichinous 
flesh and kill the bird 8 to 10 hours after; if the 
trichini are dead they will be digested with the cyst; 
if they are alive they will be coiled or moving. 
Second, if a small particle of macerated meat contain- 
ing the cysts be placed on a platinum plate and heat- 
ed to a temperature of 100 to 105 degrees Fahrenheit, 
then noted under the microscope, movement will be 
seen if they are alive. Thorough cooking destroys 
them. To destroy the trichina in a ham it should 
be cooked thirty-five minutes for each two pounds 
of weight. 



136 



PARASITOLOGY. 



Acanthocephala (Acanthos — thorn) 
(Cephale — head) . 

This order belongs to the class Nemathelmintha 
and includes a group of parasites that are round in 
shape but are not provided with a digestive tract as 
the order Nematoda ; they obtain nourishment by 
absorption of digested nutrients from the intestinal 
tract of the host; there are complete sexes, male 
and female; the cephalic (head) extemity is provided 
with a globe-shaped proboscis armed with six rows of 
hooklets by which means it holds on to the mucous 
membrane ; it includes the genus Echinorhynchus, 
species of which infest the small intestines of the 
dog, others infest birds and still another, the most im- 
portant, infests the hog. 

( Echinos — spined) 
Echinorhynchus Gigas (Rhynchus — proboscis) 
(Gigas— giant). 

Distribution . — Very 
common in theUnited 
States ; also found in 
Europe. 

Description .-Round 
in shape, about two- 
thirds the calibre of 
a lead pencil, with 
transverse markings. 
Milk white in color; 
the cephalic extrem- 
i t y term inate s 
Fig. 57— EcHiNORHYNCHus Giras, Female, abruptly and is pro- 

a. Globe-shaped proboscis, armed with six . -. j • . , 1 -u 

rows of hooklets. videdwith a globe- 

b, Caudal extremity. shaped proboscis 

that is armed with six rows of hooklets irregularly 




PARASITOLOGY. 



137 



arranged, point backwards. The hooklets are 
very small and resemble, in shape, those of a cat's 
claw. The posterior half of the female is attenuated 
until it is no larger than a knitting needle; the female 
is eight to twelve inches long, the male three to four 
inches. 

Life Cycle.— The fe- 
male is oviparous ; the 
eggs are oblong and 
contain fully developed 
embryos, in a few days 
after they have passed 
to the ground with the 
feces; if they are in- 
gested by the intermed- 
iate host, which is the 
larva of the May bug 
( white worm or grub 
worms) they soon hatch 
in its digestive tract ; 
this embryo is very 
small and provided 
with four small hook- 
lets with which it burrows through the intestinal wall 
and becomes encysted in the abdominal cavity ; when 
this cyst matures it contains the fully developed larva, 
which retains its vitality during the existence of the 
larval worm and has been noted still alive after 
metamorphosis into the perfect insect; it is possible 
that other invertebrates may act as an intermediate 
host ; if the pig eats these white worms or May 
beetles containing the encysted larva, the young echi- 
norhynchus is set free by the process of digestion 




Fig. 58— ECHINORHYNCHUS GlGAS. 

Cephalic extremity showing globe- 
shaped proboscis and six rows of 
hooklets. 

Photomicrograph, lx% 



138 PARASITOLOGY. 

and attaches itself to the mucous membrane of the 
small intestines by means of its six rows of hooklets 
and develops into the adult worm. 

Animal Infested. — The hog. 

Parts Infested.- — The small intestines. 

Condition Produced. — By the anchorage of the 
cephalic extremity, by means of its hooked proboscis, 
there is produced a small tumefaction which pushes 
the serous covering of the intestine out ; from the 
serous surface of the bowel this nodule resembles a 
tubercle, and may be mistaken for tuberculosis; 
upon close examination the head of the echino- 
rhynchus will be found attached to the inner part of 
the nodule. 

Symptoms. — When infested by large numbers they 
may cause a loss of appetite, derangement of diges- 
tion, general unthrifty condition and later emaciation 
and convulsions; they may prove fatal among pigs. 

Treatment. — To remove the worms from the in- 
testinal tract the same treatment is used as for the 
Ascaris Suilla ; to prevent the hogs from becoming 
infested it will be necessary to keep them on a board 
floor so that it will be impossible for the ova to 
reach the intermediate host, or to subject the feces 
laden with ova to an antiseptic solution ; as the white 
worms are found most frequently in manure piles and 
in very rich earth, these are the most fertile fields 
for the intermediate host. 

TREM ATOD A ( Trematodes— flukes ) . 

The order Trematoda belongs to the class Plat- 
helmintha and includes a group of worms that are 
commonly called flukes. They produce a disease 



PARASITOLOGY. 139 

called Distomiasis or Distomatosis, which is divided 
into various forms viz.: 

Hepatic Distomiasis caused by the Distoma 
Hepaticum, Distoma Americanus, Distoma Lanceo- 
lata. 

Pulmonary Distomiasis caused by the Paragoni- 
mus Westermanii. 

Gastric Distomiasis caused by the Amphistoma 
Cervi. 

Vascular Distomiasis caused by the Schistosoma 
Bovis. 

FASCIOLIDAE. 

The family Fasciolidae belongs to the order 
Trematoda and includes the genus Distoma. 

THE FLUKES. 

(Dis — twice) 
Distoma Hepaticum (Stoma — mouth,) 
( Hepatic — liver) 

Synonyms. — Fasciola Hepaticum. Liver Fluke. 

Distribution. — Found in the low-lying lands of the 
United States where the weather is warm and con- 
ditions are favorable for the development of the lar- 
val state. Also found in the low-lying land of Scot- 
land and other countries. 

Description — The body is flat and leaf-like; it is 
oblong, larger and rounder in front; at the extreme 
anterior end it is abruptly contracted in such a way 
as to present a conical neck ; it terminates ob- 
tusely behind. The antero-posterior diameter is 
about one to one and one-fourth inches ; the width 
measures one-third to one-half inch. It is provided 



140 



PARASITOLOGY. 



with two suckers, oral and ventral. At the bottom 
of the oral sucker is placed the mouth, which com- 
municates with the intestines by means of an oesoph- 
agus. The intestines consist of two ramifying 
branches which permeate the whole body. The 
ventral sucker lies about one-sixth of an inch behind 
the oral one. The fluke is brown in color and is a 
hermaphrodite ; the penis projects in front of the 
ventral sucker, always recurved ; the vulva is small 
and situated at the side or a little behind the male 
orifice. 

Life History. — The fluke is ovip- 
arous ; the eggs are ovoid in shape 
and brown in color; they are laid 
in the bile ducts and through the 
hepatic duct find their way to the 
intestinal tract, then to the ground 
through the feces; if the ova fall 
in dry places they soon perish, if in 
damp or marshy places they hatch 
in from five to six weeks ; at this 
stage the whole body of the em- 
bryo is covered with cilia, which 
enables it to move about in the 
water. At one end is a lancet-like 
projection which can be thrust out 
or withdrawn; by means of this 
apparatus it bores into the second 
host ; if it does not meet one in a 
day or two it dies ; if it meets a 
water snail it penetrates it and be- 
comes lodged in the respiratory 
cavity and begins its metamorphosis into the larval 




Fig. 59.— Distoma 
Hepaticum. 

The specimen from 
which this drawing was 
made was placed be- 
tween two glass slides 
with rubber bands 
around each end. giv- 
ing specimen gentle 
pressure, then kept im- 
mersed in alcohol one 
week, thpn mounted in 
Canada balsam. 

a, Intestines. 

b, Oral sucker. 

c, ventral sucker. 

d, Uterus. 



PARASITOLOGY. 141 

state. It loses its layer of ciliated epithelial cells and 
the small mass of round cells forming the interior of 
the body rapidly grow ; it soon develops into the Spo* 
rocyst. From the cells in the sporocyst are formed 
five to eight redia ; each redia in turn develops 
• from fifteen to twenty cercaria ; the cercaria is the 
fully developed larval stage, oval in shape, provided 
with an oral and ventral sucker, a rudimentary di- 
gestive tract and a tail. It now leaves the snail and 
is enabled to move about in the water by means of 
its tail and crawls upon a blade of grass or an 
aquatic plant ; it loses its tail at this period and be- 
comes encysted with a gelatinous substance with 
which it provides itself ; this is the fully developed 
larval stage. The cysts are the most numerous on 
the part of the grass close to the ground ; the larva 
retains its vitality for a long time if it is in a moist 
locality; these cysts appear as very small white 
specks and are eaten by the herbivora grazing upon 
these infested pastures. The cyst upon reaching the 
stomach is digested and the larva, set free, soon finds 
its way to the bile duct, and thence to the liver. 

Animals Infested. — The ox,' sheep, goat, pig, horse, 
and man. 

Part Infested. — The liver. 

Conditions Produced. — The worms invade the bile 
ducts and here develop into the mature worm ; here 
they live for six months, then die. In autopsy work 
one's attention is attracted by the enlargement of 
the large bile duct on the posterior face of the 
liver; a cut section of this part shows a greatly 
thickened wall and many worms contained within 
the duct ; the bile may be somewhat thicker than 



142 PARASITOLOGY. 

normal with a few dark flocculi. As many as a 
hundred flukes have been taken from the ducts of a 
single liver. The liver is unfit for food. 

Symptoms. — Distomiasis or liver rot appears 
mostly among cattle in the United States on account 
of the fact that cattle are grazed on the low lying if?- 
fested lands ; while the sheep come mostly from the 
high table lands where conditions are not favorable 
for their development into the larval stage. In Eng- 
land the sheep are most often affected on account of 
the reversed conditions to what they are in the 
United States. The symptoms given us by observers 
in that country are as follows : The malady is di- 
vided into four stages or periods. 

First period is that of immigration; the flukes 
are small and do not cause excessive disturbance. 
This period lasts from four to thirteen weeks. 

Second period is that of anemia after the thir- 
teenth week from infestation ; the sheep are less 
lively, the mucous membrane is pale, the appetite 
good and the sheep show a tendency to fatten ( as a 
result of the stimulus to the liver which causes an 
increased flow of bile). In the latter part of this 
period the appetite diminishes, thirst increases ; 
rumination irregular ; mucous membrane yellowish ; 
may show edema ; wool is dry and brittle, and the 
sheep show great weakness. The feces contain the 
ova of the fluke. 

Third Period.— This is a period of loss of flesh ; 
the sheep becomes gradually weaker and emaciated ; 
the temperature is irregular, the respiration feeble 
and frequent ; pregnant ewes abort ; the milk of 
nursing ewes is poor in quality. Oedema is noted 



PARASITOLOGY. 143 

in dependent parts, as intermaxillary space, along the 
trachea, under part of the thorax. Pain is noted on 
pressure on the region over the liver. 

Fourth Period,— That of emigration of the flukes, 
can be considered the period of convalescence. All 
symptoms grow gradually less. The liver, though 
infected only once, never entirely recovers. 

There is great mortality among sheep. Not such 
a large percentage of mortality among cattle. The 
symptoms in cattle are similar to those given above 
for sheep, though cattle have a greater resisting 
power to the effects of the invasion. 

Distoma Americanus (Americanus — America). 

Synonyms. — Distoma Magna; Fasciola Ameri- 
canus; Distoma Texicanum; Fasciola Magna; 
American liver fluke. 

Distribution. — Found common in the cattle from 
the low-lying lands of the South and Southwest. 

Description. — The body is flattened, leaf-like and 
slate colored ; it measures one to one and one-quarter 
inches long and about one inch wide ; it is provided 
with two suckers, oral and ventral, as in the preced- 
ing species. The mouth is located at the bottom of 
the oral sucker. The ramifying intestinal branches 
permeate the entire worm and can be plainly seen 
when the worm is placed between two glass slides 
and pressed. It is a hermaphrodite, the male and 
female genital organs being placed anterior to and 
around the ventral sucker. The ventral sucker is 
located about ne-fourth inch behind the oral one. 

Life Cycle. — The life cycle is similar to that of the 
Distoma Hepaticum. 



144 PARASITOLOGY. 

Animals Infested. — The ox, sheep, pig, etc. 

Parts Infested — Liver, sometimes the lungs. The 
writer has noted one case of Hepatic Distomiasis in 
a pig ; four specimens of the Distoma Americanus 
were found. 

Conditions Produced. — The larval fluke upon being 
taken into the stomach on grass is liberated by the 
dissolving of the gelatinous capsule enclosing it. 
It finds its way to the liver through the hepatic duct 
and finally becomes stationary in a small bile duct ; 
or it may penetrate the duct and become lodged in 




Fig. 60.— Distoma Americanus. 

a, Oral sucker. 

b, Ventral sucker. 

c, Intestine 

the tissue outside. It here forms a cyst which varies 
in size up to a hen's egg. The outer surface of the 
liver presents the appearance of black prominent 
elevations. Upon section of these tumefactions they 
are found to contain a cavity within, which is filled 
with a chocolate-colored fluid and some debris, and 
in the older cysts some earthy material. 

One or more flukes are found in each cyst. The 
portal lymph glands, that lie against the posterior 
surface of the liver at a point where the portal vein 



PARASITOLOGY. 145 

enters, are swollen and appear slate colored or black. 
The serous membrane adjacent to the liver is slate 
colored. The young flukes may migrate through the 
diaphragm and become lodged in the posterior lobe 
of the lung, where they form a cyst as in the liver ; 
the attention is first attracted to the infested part by 
the interlobular substance being stained dark, often- 
times black ; upon closer examination a tumefaction 
is found which, when sectioned, is found to contain 
the characteristic cyst. The adult fluke lives about 
six months. The symptoms and general debilitating 
conditions are the same as in infestation with the 
Distoma Hepaticum. Often cattle are infested with 
both Distoma Hepaticum and Distoma Americanus. 

Distoma Lanceolata (Lancea — lance). 

Distribution. — Found in countries and localities 
where the preceding species are found. 

Description. — The body is lancet shaped, brownish 
in color and semi-transparent ; when the uterus is 
filled with ova the body presents a mottled appear- 
ance, on account of the fact that the integument is 
semi-transparent. The intestinal tract consists of 
two non-ramifying branches. The adult is from one- 
third to one-half inch in length and one-tenth inch 
wide. 

Life Cycle. — The life cycle is the same as in the 
preceding species ; the ovum undergoes segmenta- 
tion and develops embyos in the maternal body , but is 
not hatched until it has been in water three weeks. 
The embryo is globular or pyriform in shape, ciliated 
on the anterior third of the body, and armed with a 
sharp protractile and retractile cephalic needle. 



146 PARASITOLOGY. 

Animals Infested. — The ox, sheep, hog, etc. 
Parts Infested. — The liver. 

Symptoms. — Similar to that caused by infestation 
with the preceding species. 

Paragonimus Westermanii (Westerman). 

Synonyms. — Distoma Ringeri; Distoma Pulmonale; 
Distoma Westemanii. 

Distribution. — Rare in the United States. Common 
in China, and other Asiatic countries. 

Description. — The body is thick and elongated ; 
bluntly rounded at both extremities ; its other 
anatomical structures are similar to the preceding 
flukes ; the ventral sucker is located about three- 
sixteenths of an inch behind the oral one ; the adult 
is about one-half inch long ; it is reddish brown or 
slate colored. 

Animals Infested. — Man, hog, dog and cat. 

Parts Infested. — The lungs. 

Conditions Produced. — The fluke invades the lung 
tissue and produces a cyst; some are located super- 
ficially, some deep; the cyst is usually from one half 
to one inch in diameter and contains a small quantity 
of chocolate colored fluid and usually two flukes. 

Amphistoma Cervi (Amphi — both) 

(Stoma — mouth) 

Synonyms. — Conical Stomach Fluke ; Amphistoma 
Conicum. 

Distribution. — Rare in the United States. Have 
been reported in Canada, Europe, Australia and 
Egypt. 

Description. — It is conical in shape, thin in front 



PARASITOLOCxY. 147 

and gradually thickening toward the posterior part; 
slightly curved on the ventral surface. It fixes itself 
to the mucous membrane by means of a sucker on 
the posterior or large end. It is of a pinkish color 
and about one-half inch in length. 

Animals Infested. — The ox, sheep, goat, and camel. 

Parts Infested. — The Rumen. 

Condition Produced — They attach themselves to 
the mucous membrane between the papillae of the 
rumen ; most common near the oesophageal groove. 
They are not reported as causing serious results. 

SCHISTOSOMIDAE. 

The family Schistosomidae includes the blood 

flukes. 

(Soma — body) 
Schistosoma Bovis (Bovis — ox) 

(Schistos— cleft) . 

Synonym. — Blood fluke. 

Description. — Small in size, round in shape and 
provided with two suckers located on the anterior 
end. The female is larger than the male. The eggs 
are elongated and armed with sharp points. 

Animals Infested. — The ox and sheep. 

Parts Infested. — Blood vessels. 

Condition Produced. — The animals presumably be- 
come infested through drinking water. The flukes 
are found principally inhabiting the veins of the ab- 
domen, more especially the venous plexuses of the 
bladder and rectum. They may cause nephritis, 
cystitis, and as a result bloody urine or feces. The 
adjacent lymph glands become hypertrophied. The 
condition may terminate in death. 



148 PARASITOLOGY. 



CESTODA. 



The order Cestoda (kestos — girdle, eidos — like) 
belongs to the class Plathelmintha and includes a 
large group of worms that are provided with a ribbon 
shaped body, proceeding from a small head and 
neck. The head or scolex may be provided with 
four sucker discs and a rostellum of hooklets. The 
hooklets are arranged in two circular rows in the 
center of a square formed by the four sucker discs 
at the extreme cephalic extremity. This is called an 
armed taenia (tapeworm). The head may be pro- 
vided with only four sucker discs. This is called an 
unarmed taenia. These constitute its fixation ap- 
paratus by which means it fixes itself firmly to the 
mucous membrane of the intestine and floats back in 
the intestinal contents. A neck connects the head 
with the body; in some species it is short, in others 
long and slender, while in others, as the species 
found in the horse, the neck is absent. The body is 
flat, ribbon-shaped and segmented ; it is composed 
of a network of cells with anastomosing prolonga- 
tions. The integument comprises a homogeneous 
cuticle lying on a subcuticular layer of longitudinal 
and transverse fibers. It is provided with a rudi- 
mentary nervous system which consists of two long- 
itudinal cords united by a transverse commissure at 
the head. There is no digestive apparatus ; the 
worm absorbs nourishment through fine canaliculi 
which traverse the cuticle. There is no circulatory 
apparatus ; the integument serves for the exchange of 
gases. The excretory canal consists of four tube- 
like structures which traverse the entire length of 



PARASITOLOGY. 149 

the worm; two are located dorsally and two ventral- 
ly and open at the posterior border of the last seg 
ment through an opening called the caudal foramen. 
The segments develop from the neck ; each new seg- 
ment pushes the preceding one on, until there is a 
chain of segments. As the segments grow they be- 
come longer and wider so that the strobilus 
(strobilos — pine cone, meaning adult tapeworm) 
has an attenuated appearance anteriorly with a narrow 
neck and a very small head. Each segment is, to a 
certain extent, an individual within itself. It absorbs 
nutrients and through its integument exchanges 
gases. It is a hermaphrodite, possessing both male 
and female genital organs. The genital pore is 
located on the side of each segment. In some spec- 
ies there is a genital pore on each side, the segment 
being a double hermaphrodite. The sexually devel- 
oped segment is called a mature segment; the seg- 
ment whose uterus is filled with mature ova is called 
a ripe segment and is ready to detach itself and 
produce its kind. The tapeworms of the horse, ox 
and sheep are all unarmed. The life cycle is un- 
known ; most of the adult tapeworms of man, dog 
and cat are armed, and the life cycle known. In this 
life cycle the larval stage is developed in another 
animal ; this stage is called the cystic or hydatic 
stage. 

The condition of an animal harboring tapeworms 
is called taeniasis. 

TAENIDAE. 

The family Taenidae belongs to the order Cestoda 
under which the genus Taenia is placed. 



150 PARASITOLOGY. 



TAPEWORMS OF MAN. 



Two tapeworms of man find a lower animal as 
an intermediate host, viz. : Taenia Solium and 
Taenia Saginata. 

Taenia Solium (Taenia — ribbon) 
(Sola — alone) 

Synonym. — Taenia Armata. 

History. — Adult tapeworms in man and their effect 
upon the health of the host dates back to the begin- 
ning of history; we find the first description of tape- 
worms in the seventeenth century. The life cycle 
was worked out about 1850. 

Distribution. — Frequent in the United States ; also 
found in many other countries. 

Description. — The head is scarcely larger than a 
pin head and is provided with four sucker discs and 
twenty-four to thirty-two hooklets. The worm may 
reach the length of forty feet. The latter segments 
are as long or longer than broad ; the genital pores 
are prominent and irregularly alternate ; as soon as 
the segments are filled with mature ova they detach 
themselves and pass out to the ground with the feces. 
From one to half a dozen detach themselves at one 
time. Each segment contains many hundred ova. 

Life Cycle. — The ova become disseminated 
through the water or food and are through these 
channels taken in by the intermediate host, which is 
the hog. In the stomach the ovum hatches into a 
six-hooked embryo, which, by means of its hooklets 
finds its way through the stomach or intestinal wall 
and wanders through the tissues or is carried by the 
blood stream or lymph current ; in nine days the em- 



PARASITOLOGY. 151 

bryo finds a resting place. From this small mass of 
protoplasm is developed first an acephalo cyst, 
which is provided with two membranes, the outer 
one called the hydatic membrane and the inner one 
called the germinal membrane ; from the germinal 
membrane there is developed the larva ; this consti- 
tutes the fully developed larval state. The cyst is 
oval in shape and about one-half to two-thirds the 
size of a navy bean ; the larva can be seen through 
the cyst wall as a small white body and consists of 
the head, provided with four sucker discs and twenty- 
four to thirty-two hooklets arranged in a double row. 
This head or larva is attached to the inner or ger- 
minal membrane by means of a pedicle and floats in 
a colorless fluid ; each cyst contains but one larva. 
The cyst is fully developed in sixty days ; it infests 
voluntary, involuntary and heart muscles, and the 
glands and organs of the body, invading the cancel- 
lated portion of bone. After cysts are quite old they 
undergo degeneration, beginning from without to 
within ; through this degeneration process the cyst 
wall may rupture and and cyst collapse, or it may 
become filled with a cheesy or earthy material. 
Should man eat the meat of the hog infested with 
the cyst containing the living larva, through diges- 
tion the larva is liberated and finds its way to the 
small intestines and fixes itself to the mucous mem- 
brane by means of its hooklets and four sucker discs, 
and develops into the mature form. 

Animals Infested. — Man, hog and dog. 

Parts Infested. — Adult infests the small intestines 
of man. The larval form infest the muscle structure 
of the hog and sometimes the dog, in cyst formation. 



152 PARASITOLOGY. 

The condition of the muscle being infested by 
these cysts is called measly pork; the cyst or 
larva cysticercus cellulosae. 

Symptoms. — In badly infested cases the cysts may 
be found bulging from the mucous surface of the 
sides of the tongue or phrenum, or from the conjunc- 
tival or rectal mucous membrane. When the cysts 
in the tongue are numerous they may cause partial 
paralysis, and as a result, difficult prehension of food. 
If the cysts are formed in the brain or spinal cord 
various nervous disorders, as vertigo, convulsions, 
etc., may be observed. When generalized the ani- 




Fig. 61.— Cysticercus Cellulosae of tongue, (measly pork), 
a, Muscle fibers b, cyst showing larva within. 

mal is unthrifty, weak and emaciated. In post mor- 
tem work the meat from such infested hogs should 
be condemned as unwholesome and dangerous. In 
man the adult worm causes disturbance in digestion, 
nausea, uncomfortable feeling in the abdominal re- 
gion, loss of flesh, etc. 

Taenia Saginata (Saginatus — to make fat). 

Synonym. — Taenia Mediocanellata. 

Distribution. — More common in the United States 
than the preceding species ; also common in other 
countries. • 



PARASITOLOGY. 153 

Description. — This worm is fiat and ribbon shaped, 
with a narrow neck of medium length joining the 
head to the body ; the head is small and provided 
with four sucker discs. It is the unarmed tapeworm 
of man. The latter segments are a little longer than 
broad ; the terminal segments are about three-six- 
teenths of an inch wide ; the genital pores irregu- 
larly alternate. The worm may reach the length of 
forty feet. 

Life Cycle. — The life cycle is similar to that of the 
Taenia Solium. The intermediate host is the ox, 
which becomes infested through water or food contam- 
inated with the infested excrements of man. The 
ovum upon reaching the stomach of the ox is hatched 
into a microscopic globular-shaped embryo provided 
with six hooklets. Like the embryo of the preceding 
species they penetrate the tissues, through which they 
gradually work their way to various parts of the 
body, and in the course of nine days become station- 
ary and they form a cyst through the same trans- 
formation as in the preceding, which requires about 
sixty days. These cysts are about two-thirds the 
size of a navy bean and contain a single larva which 
consists of a head and neck. The head is provided 
with four sucker discs ; by examining the cyst the 
larva appears as a small white mass attached to the 
mother or germinal membrane, floating in a color- 
less fluid, and plainly visible through the cyst wall. 
Should a member of the human family eat meat 
(beef dried, rare done or raw,) containing the cysts 
in which is found the living larva, he would become 
infested with adult tapeworm. In the stomach the 
larva would be liberated and upon reaching the 



154 PARASITOLOGY. 

small intestines would attach itself to the mucous 
membrane by means of its four sucker discs and de- 
velop into the adult worm ; if the meat is thoroughly 
cooked the larvae are destroyed. These cysts 
undergo degeneration as in the preceding species. 
The writer has observed cysts in the heart of a four 
year old steer in which many of the cysts had under- 
gone degeneration. The cystic tissues had been re- 
placed with a yellowish cheesy pus. The cystic 
larva is called cysticercus bovis. The infestation 
of beef with the cystic form of the Taenia Saginata 
is called measly beef. 

Animals Infested. — Man by the adult worm ; cattle 
by the larva. 

Parts Infested. — The adult infests the small intes- 
tines ; the cystic form infests the muscle structures. 
The most common locations of these cysts 'are the 
masseter muscles, then the tongue and heart, and in 
badly infested cases in all tissues of the body. 

Symptoms. — The symptoms of animals and persons 
infested by this species are the same as that caused 
by the preceding species. 

TAPEWORMS OF HORSES. 

The tapeworms of horses are three. Their life 
history is unknown, and all are unarmed. They are 
rare in the United States. 

Taenia Perfoliata (Per — through ; folium — leaf.) 

Descriptioyi. — The head is large and globular in 

shape, and is provided with sucker discs ; the neck 

is absent; the segments are very short and at the 

terminal end are about one-half inch wide. There 



PARASITOLOGY. 155 

is a slight attenuation toward the posterior extrem- 
ity. The entire worm measures from two to two 
and one-half inches long. 

Animal Infested. — The horse. 

Parts Infested. — The caecum. 

Taenia Mamillana (Mammalis — mammal). 

Description. — The head is rounded, with the sucker 
discs located at the side, in the form of slits; the 
neck is absent, and the posterior border of the seg- 
ments is wider than the anterior; the worm is much 
smaller than the preceding one, measuring one to 
one and one-half inches long. 

Animal Infested. — The horse. 

Parts Infested. — Small intestines. 

Taenia Plicata (Plicatus — to fold). 

Description. — The head is thick and wide ; it is 
depressed on either side ; the suckers are located at 
the free end of the head, and are round; the neck is 
absent; the segments are about one-half inch wide ; 
the worm measures from two to three inches in 
length. 

Animal Infested. — The horse. 

Parts Infested. — The intestines and colon. 

TAPEWORMS OF CATTLE AND SHEEP. 

The tapeworms of cattle and sheep are unarmed 
Taenia. The segments are wider than long. The 
life history outside of the body is unknown. 

Taeniasis among cattle and sheep is more com- 
mon in summer than in winter. During the grass 
season range cattle are especially prone toward this 
infestation. 



156 



PARASITOLOGY. 



Taenia Expansa (Expansus — broad). 

Synonym. — Moniesia Planissima. 

Distribution. — Common in the United States, es- 
pecially in range cattle. 

Description. — Its head is very small, and is pro- 
vided with four sucker discs ; the head is followed 
by along, slender neck; the segments of specimens 
from cattle often measure an inch in width ; these 
widest segments are only about one-eighth of an 




-i ' 


- 


1 




> 


L ^' 


L A 


v 


\ 


i 




■ 








i 



Fig. 62.— Taenia Expansa (from ox). 

a. Head. c, Mature segments. 

b, Neck. d, Partially developed segments. 

inch long. The specimens infesting sheep measure 
only about one-half inch in width. The worm is 
thin and segments translucent ; each segment is pro- 
vided with two genital pores ; one located at each 
margin. This worm may reach the length of twenty 
to forty feet. 

Life Cycle. — Animals are supposed to become in- 



PARASITOLOGY. 



157 



fested through water or food contaminated by the 
ova or embryos. 

A?ii>nals Infested. — The ox and sheep. 

Parts Infested. — The small intestines. 

Symptoms. — Cattle and sheep infested by only a 
few worms of this species, do not show any notice- 
able constitutional effect. Should myriads infest 
them, the animal may show an unthrifty condition, 
due to irritation and loss of nutrients. 

Treatment. — After 

a 

i 



the infested animals 
have been fasted for 
twenty -four hours, 
they should be given 
a physic and parasiti- 
cide. Cattle take one 
to two pounds of Ep- 
som salts, according 
to the age; this should 
be accompanied with 
fluid extract male 
shield fern from four 
to six drams, powder- 
ed areca nut one-half 
to one ounce. Sheep 
take four to six 
ounces of Epsom 
salts according to 

their age. This should be given in conjunction with 
one to two drams fluid extract male shield fern, and 
one to three drams powdered areca nut. 




Fig 63.— Taenia Expansa (from sheep.) 

a, Head. b, Neck. 

c, Mature segments. 



158 



PARASITOLOGY. 




Fig. 64.— Taenia Alba (from 

sheep). 

a, Head. b, Neck. 

c, Mature segments. 



Taenia Alba (Albus — white). 

Synonym. — Moniesia Alba. 

Distribution. — Common in native and range cattle 
and sheep. 

Description. — This worm 
is whitish in color, the head 
small and provided with 
four sucker discs, which 
constitute the fixation ap- 
paratus. The neck is short. 
The segments are thicker 
and not so wide as com- 
pared to the preceding spe- 
cies. The widest segments 
reach about one-half inch. 
The worm, when fully de- 
veloped, measures from 
three to seven feet. The ones infesting cattle de- 
velop larger and longer than those in sheep. 
Life Cycle. — Same as preceding one. 
Animals Infested. — The ox and sheep. 
Parts Infested. — Small intestines. 
Symptoms.— Usually found in small numbers in 
cattle and no serious results are credited to them. 
Outbreaks of Taeniasis among lambs have been 
reported in which the fatality ran fifteen to twenty 
percent. If in small numbers in sheep they do not 
cause serious disturbance. 

Treatment. — Same as for Taenia Expansa. 

Taenia Fimbriata (Fimbria — fringe). 
Synonym. — Thysanosoma Actinioides. 
Distribution. — The most common species of tape- 
worm infesting sheep. 



PARASITOLOGY, 



159 



Description. — The head is some larger than that of 
the two preceding species and is provided with four 
sucker discs ; the neck is short and thick ; the seg- 
ments are wider than long. The terminal segments 
are narrower than the preceding ones, which gives 
the worm an attenuated appearance. The posterior 
borders of the segments are fringed both dorsally 
and ventrally with finger-like projections ; those on 
the border of the segments close to the head are 
short but on the lateral segments the fringe covers 
the succeeding ones. The fully developed worm 
varies from three to six inches in length. 

Life History. — The history 
outside of the animal is not 
known. Animals become in- 
fested through contaminated 
food or water. 

Animals Infested. — Sheep. 

Parts Infested. — Small intes- 
tines. 

Symptoms. — When the animal 
is infested by many worms they 
may interfere with digestion 
and by robbing the host of nu- 
trients cause an unthrifty con- 
dition ; they may prove serious 
to lambs. Many times the 
worms find their way from the 
duodenum, through the bile 
duct to the gall bladder ; they 
may clog the gall duct and cause serious results 

Treatment. — Same as for the Taenia Expansa. 




Fig.es.- 

TAEN1A FlMBKlATA. 

a, Head. 

b, neck. 

c, Terminal segments 
with fimbria. 



160 



PARASITOLOGY. 



TAPEWORMS OF DOG. 

The tapeworms commonly found in the dog are 
armed ; their life history is known. 

Taenia Marginata (Marginatus — margined). 
Synonym. — Marginate tapeworm. 
Distribution. — One of the common tapeworms of 
the dog ; the shepherd dogs are a common carrier of 
the worm. 

Description. — The head is scarce- 
ly wider than the neck and is pro- 
vided with four sucker discs be- 
tween which is located arostellum 
of hooklets ; this rostellum is 
arranged in a double circular form 
and consists of from thirty to forty 
hooklets. The neck is short ; the 
segments as they develop from 
the neck are shorter than broad. 
As the distance from the head 
grows greater the segments be- 
come wider and longer ; the mature 
segments are nearly square ; the 
ripe segments are slightly longer 
than wide; the genital pores irregularly alternate. 
The worms may develop to a length of five feet. 

Life History. — The ripe segments detach them- 
selves and pass out to the ground with the feces ; the 
segments soon decompose and myriads of ova are 
liberated; these become disseminated by rain. The 
sheep become infested through the food and water ; 
upon reaching the stomach the ovum hatches into a 
six hooked embryo which penetrates the stomach 




Taenia Marginata 

a, Head. 

b, Neck. 

c, Genital pore, 

d, Ripe segments. 



PARASITOLOGY. 161 

wall and invades the liver tissues, where it passes 
part of its life in its transformation into the larva; later 
it leaves the liver and becomes lodged in the peri- 
toneal cavity ; here it forms a cyst which varies in size 
up to a hen's egg. This cyst is fully developed in 250 

L 




Fig. 67.— Cysticercus Tenuicollis. 

a, Small intestines. 

b, Mesentery. 

c, Cyst. 

days and is provided with two fibrous walls, an outer 
thick membrane called the hydatic membrane and 
a thin inner one called the germinal or mother mem- 
brane ; from this mother membrane is developed a 
single larva which is suspended by means of a pedi- 



162 PARASITOLOGY. 

cle and floats in a colorless fluid ; the larva consists 
of the head and neck, from which is developed the 
adult worm, when ingested by the dog. The larva 
can be seen as a small white body through the cyst 
wall ; these cysts are attached to the mesentery, 
omenta or capsule of the liver. They are called 
cysticercus tenuicollis. When this cyst is devour- 
ed by the dog, the larva is liberated through the di- 
gestion of the cyst walls ; upon passing out to the 
small intestines it becomes attached by means of its 
fixation apparatus, which consists of four sucker 
discs and a rostellum of hooklets, and develops into 
the adult worm in four months. 

Animals Infested. — Adult infests dog ; larva infests 
sheep ; also observed in hog and other animals. 

Parts Infested. — Adults are found in the small in- 
testines. The cystic or hydatic form in the perito- 
neal cavity. 

Symptoms. — When the dog is infested by large 
numbers they cause irregularity of digestion, ner- 
vousness and loss of condition. 

Treatmejit. — For a dog of twenty-five pounds 
weight, give the following: 

Ify Fid. ext. male fern 5i 

Pulv. areca nut__ grs. xx 

Simple syrup qs. ad __5iv 

M. S. Give at one dose. 

This can be repeated in four or five days. 

Taenia Echinococcus (Kokkus — berry). 
Distribution. — One of the most common tapeworms 
of dogs in the United States. In autopsy of eighty 
dogs fifty percent were found to be infested by the 



PARASITOLOGY. 163 

Taenia Echinococcus ; also found in Europe On an 
average about one percent of hogs harbor the cystic 
form ; rare in sheep ; not reported in cattle in this 
country. 

Description. — The head of the adult worm is glob- 
ular in shape, provided with four sucker discs and a 
rostellum of from twenty-eight to fifty hooklets; the 
neck is long and distinct ; the entire worm consists 
of four segments, including the head ; the terminal 
segment is nearly as long as the balance of the worm. 
It is four or five times as long as wide. As soon as the 
segment is ripe (filled with mature ova) it detaches 
itself, and is passed out to the ground with the feces. 
The entire worm measures from one-fifth to one- 
fourth inch long and is very slender ; as a result it 
may be easily overlooked in holding autopsy. 

Life History. — The intermediate host is the hog, 
sheep, ox or man. The detached segment, which 
passes to the ground, soon decays and liberates 
myriads of ova, which become disseminated over 
the ground, pasture and water supply by the rains ; 
thus through contaminated water and food this 
microscopic egg is taken in by the intermediate host. 
Upon reaching the stomach a minute six=hooked 
embryo is liberated which invades the tissues and 
becomes lodged in some organ, usually the liver or 
lungs; it here undergoes a metamorphosis into the 
larval form. First is developed an acephalocyst ; 
this is provided with hydatic and germinal mem- 
branes; the hydatic membrane is thick while the 
germinal membrane is thin. The cyst develops 
very slowly and arrives at this stage in about five 
months ; on the inner surface of the mother mem- 



164 PARASITOLOGY. 

brane appears a minute papillary elevation which 
becomes hollowed in the center and forms another 
cyst called the daughter cyst (secondary or prolifer- 
ous cyst) . This is attached to the mother membrane 
by a short pedicle ; the bud from the mother mem- 
brane may develop a larva or scolex which is attach- 
ed to it by a short slender pedicle ; this development 
may proceed until fifteen or twenty heads are there 
attached ; on the inner side of the daughter vesicle 
may be developed five to ten heads or larvae or 
another vesicle called a grand=daughter vesicle ; the 
grand-daughter vesicle may develop within it another 
cyst called a great=grand=daughter vesicle, which is 
always an acephalocyst. These secondary cysts 
may develop so as to be practically outside of the 
mother cyst, thus, multiple cysts result. The cyst 
contains a colorless poisonous fluid of saline, neutral 
or slightly acid reaction ; this development goes on 
until the entire organ is filled with multiple cysts ; 
these cysts vary in size up to one and one-half 
inches in diameter. This condition is called echino= 
coccus veterinorum, echinococcus polymorphus, 
or cysticercus echinococcus. Sometimes instead 
of this form of cyst formation there is formed a 
cluster of cysts varying in size from a millet seed to 
a pea ; these are in clusters like a bunch of grapes 
and are called echinococcus multilocularis or 
echinococcus alveolaris. These cysts may under- 
go degeneration; the cyst wall ruptures and the cyst 
collapses. Cysts have been known to retain their 
vitality for many years. Dogs consuming these 
cysts develop the mature worm. 

Animals Infested. — The adult Taenia infests the 



PARASITOLOGY. 165 

dog; the larval (cystic or hydatic) form infests the 
hog, sheep, ox and man. 

Parts Infested. — The adult is found in the small in- 
testines; the larval form in the liver, principally; 
occasionally in the lungs and sometimes in other 
organs. 

Symptoms. — When the cysts invade an organ to a 
sufficient extent they interfere with the functions of 
that organ ; animals so infested gradually lose con- 
dition; there is loss of appetite, jaundice, oedema 
under breast or neck and jaws ; nervous disorders if 
they should invade the brain. 

In dogs, infestation by myriads of adults, produces 
indigestion, nervousness, nausea and gradual loss of 
condition. 

Taenia Coenurus (Common tail). 

'Distribution. — Found in European countries ; not 
reported in the United States. 

Description. — The head is small and provided with 
four sucker discs and a rostellum of from twenty-two 
to thirty-two hooklets ; the neck is narrow ; the 
mature segments are as long as wide ; the genital 
pores irregularly alternate ; the ripe segments are 
nearly twice as long as wide. The worm usually 
attains the length of two to three feet. 

Life Cycle. — The ripe segments from the small in- 
testines of the dog pass out to the ground with the 
feces ; these segments soon decompose and myriads of 
ova are liberated which become desseminated in food 
and water. The intermediate host is sheep which 
become infested through contaminated food or water. 
The ova, upon reaching the stomach, hatch into six- 
hooked embryos which immediately begin to migrate 



166 PARASITOLOGY. 

through the tissues, or they may penetrate an artery 
and be carried by the blood current ; the embryos 
will develop only in nerve tissue, and may be 
carried to these centers through the blood stream ; 
if lodged in tissue, not nerve, they perish, but if 
lodged in the brain or spinal column they begin their 
transformation into the hydatic state ; in eight or 
nine days after the ova are ingested the embryos 
have reached the brain and in twenty days are about 
one-tenth inch in diameter; development continues 
and they are fully developed in ninety days. The 
cysts possess a hydatic and germinal membrane ; 
from this inner or germinal membrane there is devel- 
oped from one to two hundred heads or larva. The 
encysted larva is called Coenurus Cerebralis or 
Cysticercus Coenurus. They may develop in the 
coverings of the brain or spinal cord or in the brain 
and cord substance ; if the dog eats these cysts, 
through digestion the larva (which consists of a head 
provided with four sucker discs and a rostellum of 
hooklets and a neck) is liberated and fixes itself 
to the mucous membrane of the small intestines and 
develops into the mature worm in two months. 

Animal Infested. — The adult infests the dog ; the 
larva infests sheep, and, rarely, cattle. 

Parts Infested.— The adult worm infests the small 
intestines of the dog ; the larval or cystic form is 
found in the brain or spinal cord. 

Disease Produced. — Gid ; turnsick; sturdy; water- 
brain. 

Symptoms. — A dog infested by the adult worms 
shows the same symptoms as when infested by any 
one of the preceding species, and is amenable to the 



PARASITOLOGY. 167 

same treatment. If many embryos become lodged in 
the cranial cavity of the sheep the first symptoms will 
appear about the eighth or tenth day ; they cause a 
cerebral congestion which produces dullness ; the 
head is held in a drooping position, the eyes are red, 
and the head hot over the affected region ; there may 
be spasms and paralysis. If only a few embryos 
are present they will not produce the symptoms so 
quickly ; later the sheep keeps apart from the flock, 
the pupils are dilated, and the animal manifests an 
unsteady gait ; the animal may turn in a circle, to 
the right or left, depending on which side the cysts 
are developed ; if the cysts are in the right hemis- 
phere it will turn to the right; if in the left hemis- 
phere it will turn to the left. The limbs on the 
opposite side of the body are stiff or partially para- 
lyzed ; if both hemispheres are invaded the sheep 
may turn to the left, then to the right, depending 
upon which side the greatest irritation exists; if the 
cysts are in the center, in the region of the corpus 
callosum or hippocampus the sheep elevates its nose 
and goes straight forward ; if the cysts are lodged in 
the cerebellum they produce great incoordination of 
movements ; if in the corpus striatum or optic thal- 
mus the animal will become blind ; if the cysts devel- 
op in the spinal cord, they produce partial or com- 
plete paralysis of the part posterior to this point. 

Treatment. — If these cysts are located superficially 
they may be removed by aid of a trocar or by trephin- 
ing over the part ; as the fluid escapes from the 
punctured cyst the mother membrane floats out and 
by aid of a pair of forceps can be removed, 



168 PARASITOLOGY. 

Taenia Serrata (Serratus — a saw). 

Distribution. — Not common in the United States; 
found in the European countries. 

Description. — The head is only a trifle wider than 
the neck, and is provided with four sucker discs and a 
rostellum of from thirty-four to thirty-eight hooklets ; 
the first segments, like those in the preceding species, 
are narrow and shorter than wide ; farther down the 
strobilus the segments are as long as wide and 
slightly contracted at each end, which gives the worm 
a serrated appearance. The ripe segments are about 
one-half inch long. 

Life History. — The ripe segments detach them- 
selves, pass out to the ground with the fecal matter 
of the dog, and thus the ova become desseminated 
over the ground, and through the food or water the 
intermediate host becomes infested ; the intermediate 
host is the rabbit. In the stomach of the rabbit the 
microscopic six-hooked embryo is liberated, which 
migrates to the peritoneal cavity and forms a cyst 
called the cysticercus pisiformis; the cyst contains a 
single larva or scolex (head) attached to the mother 
membrane by means of a pedicle, and floats in a 
colorless fluid ; the dog becomes infested by eating 
the viscera containing the encysted larva. 

Animals Infested. — The adult infests the dog ; the 
larva infests the rabbit. 

Parts Infested. — The adult worm is found in the 
small intestines of the dog ; the larva or cystic form 
is found in the peritoneal cavity of the rabbit. 

Symptoms. — The adult form in the intestines of the 
dog produces the same symptoms and is amenable 
to the same treatment as the preceding species ; the 



PARASITOLOGY. 169 

cysticercus pisiformis as a rule do not cause serious 
results in rabbits. 

Taenia Serialis. 

Distribution. — Not common ; reported more 
common in European countries. 

Description. — The head is wider than the neck and 
is provided with four sucker discs and a rostellum of 
from twenty-six to thirty hooklets ; the neck is long 
and slender.; the segments, at first shorter than broad, 
farther down the strobilus are as long as broad ; 
finally the ripe segments are about two and one-half 
times as long as broad ; these latter segments are 
narrower at the ends than at the middle. The 
genital pores irregularly alternate. 

Life Cycle. — The intermediate host is the rabbit and 
rodent, which become infested through water or food 
contaminated with the ova from the dog; in the 
stomach the six-hooked embryos are liberated; they 
migrate to the connective tissue and develop small 
cysts which contain a single larva suspended from 
the mother membrane by means of a pedicle, which 
floats in a colorless fluid. Dogs become infested by 
devouring the carcasses of rabbits or rodents harbor- 
ing the cystic form ; the larval or cystic form is called 
the coenurus serialis. 

Animals Infested. — The adult infests the dog ; the 
larval or cystic form infests the rabbits and rodents. 

Parts Infested — The adult infests the small intes- 
tines; the larval or cystic form the connective tissue. 

Symptoms. — The symptoms of a dog infested by 
the Taenia Serialis are the same as from infestation 
with other tape worms. The same treatment is indi- 
cated. 



170 



PARASITOLOGY. 




Taenia Canina (Canis — dog). 
Synonym. — Taenia Cucumerina. 
Distribtition. — The most common tapeworm found 
in the middle West; found in European countries. 

Description. — The head is suc- 
ceeded by a narrow, short neck ; 
it is provided with a club-shaped 
protractile proboscis which is lo- 
cated in the center of the head 
between four sucker discs ; this 
proboscis is provided with four 
rows of small hooklets which point 
backward ; by means of this pro- 
boscis and the sucker discs it is 
enabled to hold firmly to the mu- 
cous membrane of the small intes- 
tines of its host. The terminal 
segments are about one-sixteenth 
of an inch in width and one half inch long; each seg- 
ment is provided with two genital pores, one located 
in the middle of each lateral side. The adult worm 
measures from five to twelve inches. 

Life History. — The intermediate host of the Taenia 
Canina is the biting louse (Trichodectes Latus) and 
the flea (Pulex Serraticeps). These insect parasites 
become infested while procuring food which is con- 
taminated ; the minute embryo is liberated in the di- 
gestive tract, migrates to the abdominal cavity and 
there forms a cyst known as the cryptocystis tricho= 
dectis (if formed in the louse) or cryptocystis 
pulecidae (if formed in the flea). The dog, by biting 
itself to relieve the irritation caused by these insects, 
gets them in its mouth ; thus the larva, which consists 



Fig. G8- 
Taenia Canina. 
a, Head. 

b.Neck. 

c, Genital pore. 

d, Ripe segments 



PARASITOLOGY. 171 

of the scolex or head, and neck, after being liberated 
through digestion finds its way to the small intes- 
tines, and attaching itself to the mucous membrane 
becomes fully developed in about five weeks. 

Animals Infested. — The adult infests the dog; 
the larval or cystic form infests the flea and louse of 
the dog. 

Symptoms. — Treatment. — Same as in the preceding 
species. 

Prophylaxis. — Keep dogs and kennels free from 
fleas and lice ; in this way the chain of the life cycle 
is broken. 

TAPEWORMS OF THE CAT. 

The tapeworms of the cat are armed ; the following 
is the most common. 

Taenia Crassicollis. 

Distribution. — Found in the United States. 

DescriptioTi. — The worm may reach the length of 
five feet; the terminal segments are longer than wide; 
the head is provided with four sucker discs and a 
rostellum of from thirty to fifty hooklets ; the neck 
is thick and short. 

Life Cycle. — Rats and mice become infested 
through food and water, in which animals the cystic 
or hydatic stage develops. The cyst is ovoid in 
shape, about the size of a pea and contains a single 
larva; the cystic form is called cysticercus fascio= 
laris. 

Animals Infested. — The cat, rat and mouse. 

Parts Infested — The adult infests the intestines 
of the cat; the larval or cystic form, rats and 
mice, 



172 PARASITOLOGY. 

Treatment. — Same as for dogs, with corresponding 
smaller dosage. 

BOTHRIOCEPHALIDAE. 

This family includes a group of worms which are 
close allies of the tapeworms. The head is oblong 
and is provided with two suckers arranged on the 
sides of the head in the form of slits. Each segment 
is provided with one genital pore, which is located in 
the center of the ventral surface. There is one 
genus, viz., Bothriocephalus. 

Bothriocephalus Latus (Bothrida — sucker) 
(Latus — broad ) . 

Synonym. — Pit-headed tapeworm. 

Distribution. — Found in Japan, Switzerland, 
Holland and other countries. 

Description. — Its head is elongated and followed 
by a long, slender neck ; the head is provided with 
two suckers in the form of slits, located on the sides 
of the head ; the segments are very short; the widest 
ones reach one-half inch in width. The genital pore 
is located in the center of the ventral side of each 
segment ; when the segment is full of mature ova it 
ruptures and the ova escape ; the segment now 
shrinks, which gives the posterior extremity of the 
worm an attenuated appearance. 

Life Cycle. — The ovum hatches a six-hooked em- 
bryo, which is covered with cilia; by means of the 
cilia it is enabled to move about in the water in 
quest of an intermediate host, which is a fish; in the 
fish it develops into the cystic or larval form, called' 
the plerocercoid. Man eating the fish infested with 



PARASITOLOGY. 173 

the live plerocercoid develops the adult Bothrioceph- 
alus Latus. 

Animal Infested. — Adult infests man; larva infests 
fish. 

Parts Infested. — The adult infests the smal 1 intes- 
tines. The larval or cystic form infests the flesh of 
fish. 



CHAPTER III. 

PROTOZOA. 

CLASSIFICATION OF THE MORE COMMON 
PARASITIC PROTOZOA. 

Branch Protozoa. 

Class Flagellata 

Order Monadida 

Family. .Trypanosoraidae 

Genus and Species Trypanosoma Evansi. 

Trypanosoma Brucii. 

Trypanosoma Equ : per- 
dum. 

Trypanosoma Equinum. 

Trypanosoma Lewisi. 

Class Sporozoa 

Order Coccidia 

Genus and Species... Coccidium Oviforme. 

Coccidium Bigeminum 
var. Canis. 

Coccidium Perforans. 

Order Sarcosporidia 

Genus and Species Sarcocystis Miescheri. 

Balbiania Gigantea. 

Order Hemasporidia 

Genus and Species Piroplasma Bigeminum. 

Piroplasma Ovis. 

Piroplasma Canis. 

Piroplasma Equi. 

Class Amoeba 

Genus and Species Amoeba Parasitica. 

Amoeba Meleagridis. 

Protozoa (Proton — first) 
(Zoon — animal) 

The word protozoon is derived from two words, 
protoon, first and zoon, animal. It is the first or 

174 



PARASITOLOGY. 175 

lowest form of animal life. The single-cell parasites 
are classified according to their structure or mode of 
reproduction. The branch Protozoa includes three 
classes of interest to us, — viz. Flagellata, Sporozoa 
and Amoeba. 

FLAGELLATA. 

The class Flagellata includes single celled para- 
sites that are provided with one or more flagella ; 
by the aid of the flagella they are enabled to move 
about in the liquid substances in which they exist. 
Under this class is placed one order, viz., Monadida, 
and one important family, viz., Trypanosomidae. 

THE TRYPANOSOMAS. 

Trypanosoma Evansi (Borer, soma — body) 
(Evans). 

History. — Discovered in 1880 by Evans. 

Distribution. — Found in India, Bombay, Southern 
China and Indo-China, Philippine Islands. 

Description. — The protoplasmic body is elongated, 
pointed at both ends, and provided with a nucleus in 
the center. In the posterior end is a small centro- 
some; from this centrosome there proceeds a thread- 
like structure which, passing the anterior end, forms 
a long, projecting flagellum ; by this flagellum it is 
enabled to rapidly move about in the blood. They 
are twenty-five microns long and one-half micron 
broad. 

Life History. — The Trypanosomas are found free 
in the blood plasma and obtain their nourishment by 
osmosis ; multiplication occurs by simple cell divi- 
sion ; the centrosome, nucleus, flagellum and proto- 



176 



PARASITOLOGY. 



plasm divide into two. The newly formed Trypano- 
somes develop to full sized organisms and divide 
again. An insect, — as a blood sucking fly — feasting 
upon an animal affected with surra, becomes infested, 
and in turn by piercing the skin of another animal 
to draw blood, inoculates it. 

Annuals Infested. — Horse, camel, elephant and 
dog. 

Paris Infested. — The blood. 

Disease Produced — Surra; rot. 




Fig. 70— Trypanosoma Evansi and blood cells. 



Symptoms. — The Trypanosoma invades the blood 
stream and develops very rapidly ; if they be im- 
mediately introduced into the blood stream they 
cause the first symptoms of surra to appear in from 
six to eight days. Surra is marked by a thermic 
disturbance ; there is noticed a remittent or inter- 
mittent fever which lasts for several weeks; erup- 
tions, resembling those of urticaria, may appear ; 
petechia of the mucous membrane of the eyes and 



PARASITOLOGY. 



177 



nose may be observed; there may be a nasal discharge 
and swelling of the submaxillary lymph glands ; 




there is a loss of appetite, a stairy coat and the ani- 
mal gradually becomes emaciated ; swellings appear 
in the region of the chest, abdomen, sheath, etc. 



178 PARASITOLOGY. 

When these swellings are incised a serum escapes in 
which the protozoa can be found. 

Trypanosoma Brucii (Bruce). 

Distribution.— Found in Africa. 

Description. — The Trypanosoma Brucii are elon- 
gated and more pointed at the flagellated end ; the body 
is slightly curved ; the nucleus is located in the center, 
close to the surface; the centrosome is in the blunt 
end and is clearly separated from the flagellum. The 
flagellum proceeds from this end, follows the entire 
length of the body, and projects a distance out from 
the extremity, forming a hair-like appendage as in the 
preceding species. The protozoon measures about 
twenty-eight microns in length by one-half to two 
microns wide; if a drop of blood be drawn they can 
be found actively moving about in it. 

Life Cycle. — The protozoon divides by simple cell 
division; the centrosome becomes larger and elong- 
ated, then divides into two ; the flagellum becomes 
thickened and divides likewise into two ; this is ac- 
companied by a like division of the nucleus. The 
newly formed centrosome, nucleus and flagellum find 
their way to their respective sides; then comes the 
division of the protoplasm lengthwise. The two 
newly formed parasites now develop to full size and 
again divide. 

Intermediate Host. — The Glossina Morsitans or 
tsetse fly is the transmitter of the protozoon. 

Animals Infested. — The horse, ass, mule, ox and 
dog. 

Parts Infested. — Found free in the blood. 

Disease Produced. — Nagana ; tsetse fly disease. 



PARASITOLOGY. 179 

Symptoms. — The period of incubation is about five 
days ; the temperature may reach 106 degrees Fah. 
Swelling appears in various parts of the body, as the 
chest, abdomen or head ; there is a loss of appetite, 
anemia and gradual emaciation. 

Trypanosoma Equiperdum (Equus — horse). 

Distribution. — America and Europe. 

Description. — The general appearance and method 
of cell division does not differ from the description 
given in the two preceding species ; the distinction 
between the species is largely by the symptoms and 
lesions produced. The protozoon measures about 
twenty microns long, one and one-half to two microns 
broad ; it is a trifle shorter than the Trypanosoma 
Brucii. 

Life Cycle. — Its mode of multiplication is the same 
as in the preceding species ; the method of inocula- 
tion is by coition ; the diseased genital organ con- 
veyes the protozoon ; the Trypanosoma is found in 
the blood and also in the serum from the oedematous 
and ulcerous parts- 

Anima/s Infested. — The horse, ass and dog. 

Parts Infested. — Primarily genital organs ; later 
other parts. 

Name of Disease. — Maladie du coit; dourine; 
equine syphilis. 

Symptoms. — In the mare oedematus swellings ap- 
pear in the vulvar region, which develop in eight to 
ten days after coition ; in the horse, in the sheath, 
scrotum and penis ; the skin over these organs may 
show eruptions, in the form of vesicles; later, after 
the vesicles have ruptured, white spots appear. 



180 PARASITOLOGY. 

The inguinal lymph glands which receive the lymph 
from these parts become swollen ; later, fibrous de- 
generation may take place both in these glands and 
the testicles ; the testicles may contain cavities of 
caseous pus; there may develop ulcerous patches on 
the penis, sheath and vulva. In later stages the 
nerve tissue, kidneys, lymph glands and other or- 
gans become infested. 

Trypanosoma Equinum. 

Distribution. — Found in Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia 
and Argentine Republic. 

Description. — This protozoonhas the same general 
appearance as the trypanosoma Brucii, and multiplies 
in like manner. It measures from twenty-two to 
twenty-four microns long and about one and one-half 
microns broad. 

Life Cycle. — It passes through the same changes 
as the preceding species. The animals probably be- 
come inoculated by blood-sucking flies. 

Animals Infested. — The horse and, by experimental 
inoculation, ox, sheep, pig and dog. 

Part Infested. — The blood. 

Disease Produced. — Mai de caderas ; disease of 
hind quarters; flagellosis of equidae. 

Symptoms. — High elevations of temperature; the 
animal becomes weak and sluggish. The weakness 
is greatest in the hind quarters. Later he sways 
from side to side; scarcely able to move; gradual 
emaciation ; down, unable to rise ; death. 

Trypanosoma Lewisi (Lewis) 
Distribution. — Found in Cuba and other countries. 
Description. — It somewhat resembles the other 



PARASITOLOGY. 181 

trypanosomes and is about twenty-five microns long 
and one and one-half microns broad. 

Animals Infested. — Rats. 

Part Infested. — The blood. 

Conditio?i Produced. — The mode of infection is sup- 
posed to be by means of lice and fleas. The rats 
suffer no inconvenience from this infestation, and 
therefore it must be considered non-pathogenic for 
this animal. 

SPOROZOA (Spore; zoon— animal). 

The class Sporozoa includes a group of single- 
celled microorganisms provided with a protoplasmic 
cell body in which is found a nucleus. It is pro- 
vided with a limiting membrane. The method of re- 
production is by the formation of spore corpuscles, 
or the division of the nucleus and protoplasm into 
several parts. Three orders of this class interest 
us, viz., Coccidia, Sarcosporidia and Hemasporidia. 

Coccidium Oviforme (Coccum — a kernel). 

Synonym. — Psorospermia oviforme. 

Distribution. — Found in the United States and 
Europe. 

Description. — A single-celled animal organism, 
ovoid in shape, and forty to fifty microns long by 
twenty-two to twenty-eight microns thick. It is pro- 
vided with a double limiting membrane. The nu- 
cleus is three times as large as that of an epithelial 
cell; it readily stains with hematoxylin. 

Life Cycle. — From the protoplasm of the adult 
Coccidium there is developed small, rounded, nucle- 
ated masses (the spores). At first the diameter 
measures from nine to ten micron^; this body grows 



182 PARASITOLOGY. 

till it increases to twenty; later there is developed 
around this spherical mass a limiting membrane; as 
the development progresses the protoplasm sepa- 
rates from the cell wall; it then divides into two, then 
into four bodies called sporoblasts ; each sporoblast 
divides into two corpuscles. Each of the corpuscles, 
under favorable conditions, becomes an amoeboid 
individual, capable of invading epithelial cells. 

Animals Infested. — The ox, sheep, goat, pig, rabbit 
and man. 

Parts Infested. — Epithelial cells of the intestinal 
mucous membrane and liver cells. 

Name of Disease. — Coccidiosis. When the liver cells 
are invaded it causes coccidian hapatitis. When 
the intestinal epithelial cells are invaded it causes 
intestinal coccidiosis. 

Cojidition Produced. — When the intestinal mucosa is 
infested there is a fetid diarrhoea, an elevation of 
temperature, loss of appetite, weakness, followed by 
death. On autopsy there is found a thickened, red- 
dened mucous membrane with ulcerated patches ; the 
mesenteric lymph glands are enlarged. If the liver 
is infested, small, round abscesses, varying in size to 
a hazel nut, are observed; these abscesses are filled 
with a thick, creamy or cheesy pus ; the wall is thick 
and the inner surface velvety in appearance ; often 
the liver is several times its normal size, thoroughly 
studded with small abscesses. The carcass will be 
in an emaciated condition. 

Coccidium Bigeminum, Variety Canis (Bis— twice) 

(Canis— dog). 

Synonyms. — Tetrasporous Coccidia ; Cystosperm- 
ium Villarum Intestinalium Canis. 



PARASITOLOGY. 183 

Distribution. — Found in America and Europe. 

Description. — These protozoa are elliptical micro- 
scopic bodies from twelve to fifteen microns long by 
seven to ten microns broad, and are found in pairs. 
In the center is a small granular nucleus. 

Life Cycle. — The protoplasm of the parent cell di- 
vides into four elongated spores, which are capable 
of invading new tissues, and which develop into 
mature form. 

Animal Infested. — The dog. 

Parts Infested. — Intestines. 

Condition Produced. — They are found infesting the 
intestinal mucosa, lodged immediately beneath the 
epithelial cells ; they are not attributed as causing 
serious disturbance. They have been found in the 
intestinal mucosa of healthy dogs. 

Coccidium Perforans (Per — through) 

(Forare — to bore). 

Distribtition. — Reported in European countries; 
first reported in cattle in 1877. 

Description. — Rather ovoid in shape, measuring 
twenty-five to thirty-five microns long and fourteen 
to twenty microns broad ; the adult produces corpus- 
cles which invade the tissue and develop to full adult 
size. 

Animals hifested. — The ox, dog and rabbit. 

Parts Infested. — Air passages and bowels. 

Condition Produced. — Catarrhal inflammation of 
the upper air passage; thickening and inflammation 
of the mucosa of the stomach and the intestines; the 
mesenteric lymph glands, liver and spleen are also in 
a state of inflammation. The lesions all contain the 
coccidia. 




Fig. 71.— Sarcocystis 



jcheri. Drawing made with Camera Lucida. 

1, Longitudinal section of sarcocyst showing it enclosed in heart mus- 
cle cell. (3) 

2, Nucleus heart muscle cell. 

3, Longitudinal section heart muscle cell. [184 



PARASITOLOGY. 



185 




Fig. 72— Sarcocystis Miescheri. Drawing made with Camera lucida. 

1, Cross section sarcocyst, muscle cell enclosing sarcocyst ruptured. 

2, Cross section of heart muscle cell. 

3, Fibrous connective tissue. 



186 PARASITOLOGY. 

Symptoms. — Loss of appetite, elevation of temper- 
ature, 102° to 105° ; sunken eyes ; grinding of teeth ; 
later, fetid diarrhoea ; feces may be streaked with 
blood ; may prove fatal in one or two days, or patient 
may live two or three weeks. 

Treatment. — Intestinal antiseptics, as eucamphol or 
kreso solutions. 

Sarcosporidia (Sporidum — a spore) 
(Sarx— flesh). 

This order, Sarcosporidia, belongs to the class 
Sporozoa, and includes single-celled parasites that 
infest the muscle structures. 

Sarcocystis Miescheri (Miescher). 

Synonyms. — Utricles of Miescheri; Rainey's cor- 
puscles. 

Distribution. — Common in the United States ; dis- 
covered in 1843 by Miescher. In sections of the 
oesophagus of the hog and sheep examined in the 
laboratory of the Kansas City Veterinary College 
these parasites have been found to be very common. 

Description. — The adult is elongated, tapering at 
both ends ; it measures two to three millimeters in 
length and eighty to two hundred microns wide; it 
presents a granular appearance, due to spores, and is 
surrounded by a limiting membrane. 

Animals Infested. — The ox, pig, sheep and horse. 

Parts Infested. — Muscle structures. 

Conditions Produced. — The sarcocyst is located 
under the sarcolemma, lying longitudinally of the 
muscle fibre. Pigs whose muscle structures become 
badly infested are noted to show symptoms of weak- 
ness, partial paralysis, loss of appetite, unthrifty 



PARASITOLOGY. 187 

appearance. In a cow which was badly infested 
there was noted restlessness; constant getting up 
and down ; she presented an unthrifty appearance ; 
skin dry and rough; severe diarrhoea; the fecal 
discharge had a putrid odor; temperature 105.5° 
Fahrenheit; pulse 108, soft and compressible; respi- 
ration shallow and hurried. She gradually grew 
weaker and died. Only the liver and heart were 
saved and studied by aid of the microscope ; in these 
myriads of sarcocysts were found, as illustrated by 
Figs. 71 and 72. 

Balbiania Gigantea (Balbiana). 

Distribution. — Found in Europe. As yet there is 
no record of their being found in the United States. 

Description. — This sarcospore appears as a whitish 
spot and varies in size from a rye grain to a hazel nut. 
It has a thin outer membrane ; the interior is filled 
with cells. In the larger bodies there is located a 
capsule the size of a pin-head, which contains cres- 
cent-shaped non-nucleated bodies. 

A?iimals Infested. — The ox, sheep, pig and goat. 

Parts Infested. — Most common in the oesophagus; 
also found in the muscles of the trunk, head, and 
heart. 

Condi tio?is Produced. — They may cause an effusion 
into the tissues. If only a few are present no harm 
comes from the infestation ; many may cause con- 
ditions similar to that produced by the Coccidia. 

Hemasporidia (Hemo — blood) 

(Sporidum — spore). 

The order Hemasporidia belongs to the class 
Sporozoa, and includes the the genus Piroplasma. 



188 PARASITOLOGY. 

Piroplasma Bigeminum (Bis — twice) 

(Geminus — twin) . 

Synonyms. — Pirosoma Bigeminum (soma — body), 
Piroplasma Bovis, Apisoma Bigeminum, Ambospor- 
idies, Portensis Virulentissimus, Babesia Bigeminum 
Bovis. 

Distribution. — Found in the southern part of the 
United States; also in other warm countries. 

Description. — They are pear-shaped protoplasmic 
bodies three to four microns long. 

Life Cycle. — The adult protozoon inhabits the red 
blood cell. From this pear-shaped adult is formed 
corpuscles which are capable of invading other 
cells. The pear-shaped body becomes rounded, then 
divided into three to five corpuscles ; these corpuscles 
have been noted to possess amoeboid movement, 
and are capable of invading new red blood cells. 
These divide into two parts, which develop to the 
full sized pear-shaped bodies ; the pointed ends of 
these protozoa are usually close together, joined with 
a fine film. The tick, feasting upon an infested ox, 
takes the infested blood cells into its intestinal tract; 
the piroplasma leaves the red blood cell, passes 
through a change in which new bodies are formed ; 
these new corpuscles leave the intestines and migrate 
to the ovary; thus the egg becomes infested. These 
virulent protozoa are contained in the larva, and 
after it emerges from the egg it is capable of inocu- 
lating susceptible cattle. ' 

Parts Infested. — The red blood cells ; may be found 
free in the plasma. 

Name of Disease. — Texas fever; splenic fever; 
Spanish fever ; tick fever; red water; black water; 
southern cattle fever ; Australian tick fever. 



PARASITOLOGY. 189 

Condition Produced. — The liver is congested, bile 
thick and granular; fat is icteric (jaundice) ; the 
spleen is enormously enlarged and contents consist- 
ency of blackberry jam; kidneys congested; urine 
port-wine colored ; cancellated portion of the bone 
is black. An animal so affected is unfit for food. 

Symptoms. — The animal has a loss of appetite ; 
unthrifty appearance ; rise in temperature accom- 
panied by an accelerated respiration and pulse. The 
back is arched; animal stays off to itself; port-wine 
colored urine, hence the chronic form has' been called 
red water, or bloody murrain. 

A condition produced by some species of the genus 
Piroplasma is called piroplasmosis. 

Treatment. — In all forms of piroplasmosis of the 
blood stream the essential treatment would be quinine 
in full medicinal doses. 

Piroplasma Ovis (Ovis — sheep). 

Distribution. — Found in Montana and other locali- 
ties in the United States. 

Description. — The protozoa is round or oval in 
shape and from one-tenth to one-sixth the diameter 
of a red blood cell. They show amoeboid movement. 
From one to four are found in a cell. They may 
also be found free in the serum. 

Animals Infested. — The sheep. 

Parts Infested. — The red blood cells. 

Name of Disease. — Ictero-hematuria. 

Condition Produced. — The disease usually runs a 
rapid and fatal course ; the animal does not greatly 
lose in flesh in these acute attacks. The spleen is 
enlarged and contents like blackberry jam ; the kid- 



190 



PARASITOLOGY. 



neys dark and congested ; the urine port-wine col- 
ored ; the fat icteric; the liver congested. An animal 
so affected is unfit for food. 

Symptoms.— The sheep at first show dullness, loss 




Fig. 73.— PlROPLASMA OVIS. 

Showing the protozoa, some in the red blood cells, some free. 

of appetite ; stay apart from balance of flock ; arched 
back ; weak ; elevation of temperature, pule and 
respiration. Swellings may be noted in the head or 
neck. The duration of the disease is twenty-four 
hours to four days. 



PARASITOLOGY. 191 

Piroplasma Canis (Canis — dogj. 

Distribution. — Found in Europe and Africa. 

Description. — The protozoon is larger than the 
Piroplasma Bovis, when only one is found in a single 
red blood cell ; as many as ten or twelve have been 
counted ; when many are found they are small, 
rounded and may be irregular in their outline. Their 
amoeboid movement has been noted in the blood 
cells of the fresh specimens. They are noted to 
elongate their bodies, then contract into spherical 
masses. The cells present a swollen appearance 
and are pale in color. After the acute stage of the 
disease has passed, the parasite apparently ceases 
its movements, remains stationary and has a round- 
ed contour. 

Life Cycle. — The parasite multiplies in the red 
blood cell. The nucleus of the adult becomes elon- 
gated, then constricted in the center, finally dividing 
into two. The newly formed nuclei pass to the side 
of the cell, opposite each other ; now begins the 
constriction of the protoplasm ; finally only a film 
holds the two newly formed corpuscles together. 
These corpuscles are at first pear-shaped; later the 
nucleus passes to the center and the corpuscles be- 
come round. This process goes on till as many as 
sixteen corpuscles may be formed. The great dis- 
tention of the cell caused by the corpuscles causes 
it to rupture. These newly formed corpuscles 
possess amoeboid movement and invade new cells, 
where they develop to full size. 
Animal Infested — The dog. 
Part Infested. — The red blood cell. 



192 PARASITOLOGY. 

Name of Disease. — Canine piroplasmosis ; malig- 
nant malarial jaundice. 

Condition Produced. — The spleen is two or three 
times its normal size, black and soft. The liver is 
congested; the bile thick and granular; the kidneys 
are congested and friable ; the urine is port-wine 
colored ; medulla of the bone is congested ; the fat 
is yellow. 

Symptoms. — Loss of appetite ; high elevation of 
temperature; icteric visible mucous membranes; 
great prostration and finally death. 

Piroplasma Equi (Equus — horse). 

Distribution. — Africa, China, and Philippines. 

Description. — The parasite is crescent-shaped and 
takes staining deeply in its center. It varies from 
one-half to two microns in length. 

Animal Infested. — The horse. 

Parts Infested. — The red blood cells. 

Name of Disease. — Equine piroplasmosis; paludism 
in horse. 

Condition Produced. — Fat is icteric ; mucous and 
serous membranes may be marked with petechia; 
the liver is engorged with blood, and yellowish in 
color ; the kidneys are congested and softened ; the 
lungs may be congested. Dropsical swellings may 
appear in chronic cases. 

Symptoms. — Great depression, weakness, unsteady 
gait; loss of appetite; high elevation of tempera- 
ture (103° to 105° Fahrenheit); accelerated respir- 
ation. The lungs may become congested and a 
foamy mucous discharge from the nostrils ; in the 
latter case the respirations would be hurried and 



PARASITOLOGY. 193 

painful ; in later stages port-wine colored urine. 
Death occurs in acute cases in from a few hours to 
five or six days. Chronic cases may last two to three 
months. 

AMOEBA (Amoebas — change). 

The class amoeba includes a single-celled group 
of parasites that are provided with a nucleus and 
protoplasm and possess amoeboid movement. They 
infest various parts of the body. 

Amoeba Parasitica (Amoebas — change) 

(Parasitus — eating beside). 

Synonym. — Amoeba Principes. 

Distribution. — Found in Australia; not reported in 
the United States. 

Description. — A single-celled protozoon apparently 
identical with the Amoeba Principes of fresh water. 

Animals Infested. — Sheep. 

Parts Infested. — Feet, lips, gums and nostrils. 

Symptoms. — Manifests itself as ulcerous patches 
on lips, gums, nostrils, and involves the sensitive 
structures of the foot. The granular masses found 
in the ulcers contain the amoeba. 

Treaime?it. — Copperas solution or any antiseptic as 
a one-percent solution of kreso or creolin. 

Amoeba Meleagridis. 

Distribution. — Found in various parts of the United 
States. 

Description. — They are microscopic granular proto- 
plasmic masses from ten to fifteen microns in 
diameter. 

Animal Infested. — The turkey. 

Parts bifested. — Caecum and liver. 



194 PARASITOLOGY. 

Symptoms. — Loss of appetite ; droopy ; head down ; 
diarrhoea; feathers erect; emaciation and death. 
Most fatal in young birds from one to four months 
old. 

Condition Produced. — Thickening of the walls of the 
caecum due to inflammation as a result of the in- 
vasion of the protozoon. The liver is congested or 
inflamed, has brownish or yellowish areas of degen- 
eration. There is a blackish discoloration of the 
head. 

Name of Disease. — Entero-hepatitis , black head. 

Treatment. — Intestinal antiseptics, as teaspoonful 
doses of listerine, bi-chloride of mercury solution 
one to a thousand, or carbolic acid one to five 
hundred. 



CHAPTER IV. 

TO PRESERVE INSECT PARASITES. 

In collecting specimens place them in a bottle 
containing a piece of gum camphor. After the in- 
sect is dead it can be mounted on a block of wood 
by means of a pin thrust through the thorax. Dark 
or black parasites should be mounted on a light 
back-ground. These can be placed in suitable 
bottles with moth ball or gum camphor, and will keep 
indefinitely. Another way is to fill the bottle with 
alcohol. This forms a good preservative and does 
not rust the pins- 

TO MOUNT ECTOZOA. 

1. Wash in alcohol till all dirt is removed from 
the parasite. 

2. Place specimen in xylol for five minutes. 

3. Mount in Canada balsam. 

By this method lice, gnats, parts of flies, ticks, and 
scab parasites can be satisfactorily studied. Thus 
preserved the specimen will keep indefinitely. In 
mounting thick specimens the glass or rubber cells 
may be used. Keep slide face up, as in the summer 
the Canada balsam will become soft and, the speci- 
men gravitate to one side if the slide be kept edge- 
wise. 

TO PRESERVE ENTOZOA. 

1. The Keiserling method may be used. 

2. A four percent solution of formalin. 

3. Alcohol. 

195 



196 PARASITOLOGY. 

If alcohol be used then the parasite should be 
placed in a 25% solution for one week. Then a 50% 
solution for one week. Then a 75% solution for one 
week. Then absolute. Alcohol has a tendency to 
shrivel the tissues of round worms. Formalin has a 
tendency to expand or swell the tissues, hence some 
worms, as the Stephanurus Dentatus, have a tendency 
to rupture at the genital or anal openings, if too 
strong a solution be used. 

For museum purposes the smaller specimens can 
be placed between two glass slides held together 
with silk thread tied together at each end and placed 
in an upright position in the fluid. The back slide 
should be covered with black shellac and allowed to 
dry before being used. 

TO STAIN AND MOUNT ENTOZOA. 

When collecting worms for laboratory study they 
should be immediately placed in the following solu- 
tion : 

50 parts of 70% alcohol. 

50 parts aqueous solution bichloride of mercury. 

A few drops acetic acid. 

The parasite thus killed and preserved should then 
be washed in a gentle stream of water for several 
hours. Then place in 25% alcohol for twenty-four 
hours; then absolute. The parasites stain with 
either alcoholic eosin or picric acid stains ; hema- 
toxylin or methylene blue can be used for secondary 
stain if desired. After staining the desired shade (the 
time of which varies with the species of worm) the 
specimen should be clarified in xylol, oil cedar or 



PARASITOLOGY. 197 

oil of cloves. The first clearing agent will perhaps 
give the best results. 

PRESERVATION OF MUSEUM SPECIMENS. 

The Keiserling method gives the best results be- 
cause the tissues retain their normal color. This 
method consists of three steps as follows : 

1. Place in the following solution and leave from 
one to seven days, depending upon the size of the 
specimen : 

Formalin 200cc 

Potassium Acetate 30 grams 

Potassium Nitrate 15 grams 

Water 1000 cc 

2. Pass the specimen through each of the follow- 
ing solutions, leaving it in each for twenty-four 
hours. This should restore the normal color : 

40% Alcohol 
60% Alcohol 
80% Alcohol 
95% Alcohol 

3. Place in the following solution permanently : 

Glycerine 4 cc 

Potassium Acetate 4 grams 

Water 40 cc 

Mix 

PREPARING SPECIMENS TO BE SENT TO 
THE LABORATORY. 

1. Obtain specimens as fresh as possible. 

2. Wash clean in water. 

3". The specimen should now be placed in a four 



198 PARASITOLOGY. 

percent formalin solution. The receptacle for the 
specimen should be large enough so that it will not 
be crushed in taking it out. 

TO STAIN ANY PROTOZOA IN THE 
BLOOD CELL. 

1. Make smear by obtaining a drop of blood on a 
slide then with another slide scrape off the excess. 
This leaves a thin film. 

2. Air dry. 

3. Cover with Wright's stain. Leave for one or 
two minutes. 

4. Add distilled water drop by drop and agitate 
for two minutes. 

5. Wash with water until you leave the color you 
desire. 

6. Air dry. 

7. Mount in Canada balsam. 

TO STAIN THE TRYPANOSOMA. 

1. Obtain blood smear as above. 

2. Air dry. 

3. Fix by dropping the slide in alcohol for two 
minutes. 

4. Cover with methylene blue or gentian violet 
one to three minutes. 

5. Wash in water. 

6. Air dry. 

7. Mount in Canada balsam. 



PARASITOLOGY. 199 



TO STAIN COCCIDIA, SARCOSPORIDIA OR 
AMOEBA MELEAGRIDIS IN TISSUES. 

THE PREPARATION OF TISSUE. 

1. Secure block of tissue one-fourth inch square. 

2. Place in four percent formalin solution twenty- 
four hours. 

3. Place in alcohol and ether equal parts twenty- 
four hours. 

4. Place in thin celloidin twenty-four hours. 

5. Place in thick celloidin twenty-four hours. 

6. Block on tile or wood. 

7. Cut eight to ten microns thick. 

TO STAIN THE PROTOZOA AND TISSUES. 

1. Cover section with Delafield's hematoxylin one- 
half to two minutes. 

2. Wash in water. 

3. Stain two minutes in a one percent aqueous 
eosin solution. 

4. Wash. 

5. Dehydrate with alcohol. 

6. Clarify with olive oil, xylol or cedar oil. 

7. Absorb clarifying fluid with blotting or filter 
paper. 

8. Mount in Canada balsam. 

TO STAIN ENCYSTED TRICHINA. 

Prepare the block of tissue and section the same 
as for coccidia. 

The following staining method stains the nuclei 



200 PARASITOLOGY. 

of the cells violet or deep blue ; the cell bodies 
and intercellular substance red : 

1. Immerse the section in hematoxylin three to 
five minutes. 

2. Wash in water. 

3. Add a drop of weak hydrochloric acid 1 minute. 

4. Wash in water. 

5. Aqueous eosin 2 minutes. 

6. Wash in water. 

7. Dehydrate in alcohol 3 minutes. 

8. Clarify in clove oil. 

9. Absorb clearing fluid. 
10. Mount in Canada balsam. 



INDEX 



Acanthocephala, 77, 79, 136. 
Acari, 42. 
Acariasis, 42. 
Acaridae, 10, 13, 14. 
Acarina, 10, 13, 41. 
Acephalocyst, 163, 164. 
Achorion Keratophagus, 15, 

74. 
Achorion Schoenleinii, 15, 74. 
Actinomyces Bovis, 15, 75. 
Actinomycosis, 75. 
Air Sack Mite, 57. 
Amblyomma Americanum, 70. 
Amblyomma Unapuncta, 70. 
Ambosporidies, 188. 
American Liver Fluke, 143. 
Amoeba, 193. 

Amoeba Meleagridis, 174, 193. 
Amoeba Parasitica, 174, 193. 
Amoeba Principes, 193. 
Amphistoma Cervi, 79, 146. 
Amphistoma Conicum, 146. 
Anchylostoma Canis, 126. 
Anchylostoma Stenocephala, 

129. 
Anchylostoma Trigonoceph- 

ala, 126. 
Annelida, 76, 77. 
Aneurism, Verminous, 111. 
Anopheles Punctipennis, 12. 
Apiosoma Bigeminum, 188. 
Arachnida, 10, 13, 41. 
Argas Americanus, 63. 
Argas Miniatus, 15, 63. 
Argasidae, 10, 15, 63. 
Armed Sclerostoma, 109. 
Armed Taenia, 148. 
Arsenical Dip, 58. 
A-thropoda, 10, 12. 
Ascaridae, 76, 78, 89. 
Ascarii Bovis, 91. 
Ascaris Inflexa, 78, 95. 
Ascaris Lumbricoides, 92. 
Ascaris Marginata, 78, 93. 



Ascaris Megalocephala, 78, 89. 
Ascaiis Mystax, 78, 94. 
Ascaris Ovis, 78, 91. 
Ascaris huilla, 78, 92. 
Ascaris Suis, 92. 
AscarL Vituli, 78, 91. 
Auricular Scabies, 56. 
Australian Fever Tick, 69. 
Australian Tick Fever, 188. 

Babesia Bigeminum Bovis 
1C8. 

Balbiania Gigantea, 174, 187. 
Beef Measles, 154. 
Bird Flea, 31. 
Black Head, 194. 
Black Water, 68, 188. 
Blood Fluke, 147. 
Bloody Murrain, 189. 
Blow Fly, 21. 
Blue Bottle Fly, 21. 
Boophilus Annulatus, 15, 67. 
Boophilus Australis, 15, 67. 
Boophilus Bovis, 67. 
Bot Fly of Horse, 26, 27. 
Bot Fly of Ox, 30. 
Bot Fly of Sheep, 28. 
Bothriocephalidae, 77, 80, 172. 
Bothnocephalus Latus, 80, 

172. 
Breeze Fly, 19. 
Broad Nosed Ox Louse, 36. 
Bronchial Strongylosis, 100. 
Buffalo Gnat, 18. 

Calliphora Vomitoria, 21. 
Canine Piroplasmosis, 192. 
Carnivorous Sarcophagus, 22. 
Castor Bean Tick, 66. 
Cat Flea, 32. 
Cayor Fly, 21. 
Cephalemyia Ovis, 28. 
Cercaria, 141. 
Cestoda, 77, 79, 149. 



201 



202 



INDEX. 



Chigger, 10, 43, 44. 

Chicken Mite, 42. 

Chicken Tick, 63. 

Circinate Ringworm, 73. 

Coccidia, 174. 

Coccidia, Staining, 199. 

Coccidian Hepatitis, 182. 

Coccidiosis, 182. 

Coccidium Bigeminum Vari- 
ety Canis, 174, 181. 

Coccidium Oviforme, 174, 
181. 

Coccidium Perforans, 174, 
183. 

Coenurus Cerebralis, 166. 

Coenurus Serialis, 169. 

Colic, Thrombo-Embolic, 109. 

Compsomyia Macellaria. 21. 

Conical Stomach Fluke, 145. 

Cryptocystis Pulecidae, 170. 

Cryptocystis Trichodectis, 170. 

Culex Pipiens, 12. 

Culex Pungens, 12. 

Culicidae, 10, 12. 

Curved Oxyuris, 96. 

Cysticercus Bovis, 154. 

Cysticercus Cellulosae,.152. 

Cysticercus Coenurus, 166. 

Cysticercus Echinococcus, 164. 

Cysticercvu Fasciolaris, 171. 

Cysticercus Pisiformis, 168. 

Cysticercus Tenuicollis, 162. 

Cystospermium Villarum In- 
testinalium Canis, 182. 

Cytodites Nudus, 14/57. 

Demodecidae, 10, 14, 59. 

Demodex Folliculorum Va- 
riety Canis, 14, 60. 

Demodex Folliculorum Vari- 
ety Suis, 14, 61. 

Dermacentor Americanum, 15, 
69. 

Dermacentor Electus, 69. 

Dermanyssus Gallinae, 13, 42. 

Diptera, 10, 12, 16. 

Discophori, 77. 

Disease of Hindquarters, 180. 

Distoma Americanus, 79, 143. 



Distoma Hepaticum, 79, 139. 
Distoma Lanceolata, 79, 145. 
Distoma Magna, 143. 
Distoma Pulmonale, 146. 
Distoma Ringeri, 146. 
Distoma Texicanum, 143. 
Distoma Westermanii, 146. 
Distomiasis, 139. 
Dochmius Cernua, 125. 
Dochmius Stenocephala, 129. 
Dochmius Trigonocephala, 

126. 
Dog Flea, 32. 
Dog Louse, 38. 
Dog Tick, 69. 
Dourine, 179. 

Ear Tick, 65. 
Echinococcosis, 164. 
Echinococcus Alveolaris, 164. 
Echinococcus Multilocularis, 

164. 
Echinococcus Polymorphic, 

164. 
Echinococcus Veterinorum. 

164. 
Echinorhynchus Gigas, 79, 136. 
Ectozoa, 9. 

Ectozoa, Classification, 11. 
Entero-Hepatitis, 194. 
Entozoa, 9. 

Equine Piroplasmosis, 192. 
Equine Syphilis, 179. 

Fasciola Americanus, 144. 
Fasciola Hepaticum, 139. 
Fasciola Magna, 143. 
Fasciolidae, 77, 79, 139. 
Fever Tick, 67. 
Filaria Cervina, 78, 87. 
Filaria Equina, 86. 
Filaria Tmmitis, 78, 87. 
Filaria Labiato-Papillosa, 87. 
Filaria Oculi, 87. 
Filaria Oculi Equina, 87. 
Filaria Papillosa, 78, 86. 
Filaridae, 67. 77, 82. 
Flagellata, 174, 175. _ 
Flagellosis of Equidia, 180. 



INDEX. 



203 



Flea, 31. 

Flesh Fly, 22. 

Flies, 16. 

Flukes. 139. 

Foot Scab Parasite, 55. 

Fungi, 15, 72. 

Gad Fly, 26. 

Gamasidae, 10, 13. 

Gape Worm, 116. 

Gapes, 116. 

Gastric Distomiasis, 139. 

Gastric Strongylosis, 99. 

Gastrophilus Equi, 12, 26. 

Gastrophilus Hemorrhoidalis, 

12, 27. 
Gid, 166. 

Glossina Morsitans, 12, 23. 
Gnathobdellidae, 77. 
Goat Louse, 36. 
Gongylonema Scutata, 82. 
Gray Carnivorous Fly, 22. 
Green-Head Horse Fly, 20. 
Grub, 28. 
Grub Fly, 30. 
Grub in Head, 28. 

Harvest Bug, 43. 
Head Maggot, 28. 
Heel Fly, 30. 
Hemasporidia, 174, 187. 
Hematobia Serrata. 12, 24. 
Hematopinus, 33, 35. 
Hematopinus Asini, 13, 35. 
Hematopinus Eurysternus, 13, 

36. 
Hematopinus Irritans, 36. 
Hematopinus Macrocephalus, 

35. 
Hematopinus Piliferus, 13,38. 
Hematopinus Stenopsis, 13, 

38. 
Hematopinus Suis, 13. 36. 
Hematopinus Urius, 36. 
Hematopinus Tenuirostris, 36. 
Hematopinus Vituli, 13, 36. 
Hemiptera, 10. 13. 
Haemonchus Contortus, 107. 



Haemopis Sanguisuga, 77, 80. 

Hepatic Distomiasis, 139. 

Heterakis Inflexa, 95. 

Hippoboscidae, 10, 12. 

Hog Louse, 35. 

Honey-Comb Ringworm, 74. 

Hoose, 104. 

Hook Worm, 124, 125, 126. 

Horn Fly, 24. 

Horse Bot Fly, 26, 27. 

Horse Fly, 19, 20. 

Horse Leech, 80. 

Horse Louse, 35, 36. 

House Fly, 20. 

Human Flea, 31. 

Husk, 104. 

Hypoderma Lineata, 12, 30. 

Ictero-Hematuria, 189. 
Insecta, 10, 12, IS. 
Intestinal Coccidiosis, 182. 
Intestinal Strongylosis, 99. 
Intestinal Trichinosis, 134. 
Itch Mite, 47. 
Ixodes Bovis, 67. 
Ixodidae, 10, 15, 66. 
Ixodes kicinus, 14, 66. 

Kidney Worm, 115. 

Lard Worm, 115. 

Larva in Head, 28. 

Leech, 80. 

Leptus Irritans, 44. 

Lice, 33. 

Linguatula Rhinaria, 15, 71. 

Linguatula Taenoides, 71. 

Linguatulidae, 10, 15, 71. 

Lioatheidae, 10. 13, 40. 

Liver Fluke, 139. 

Liver Rot, 142. 

Lone Star Tick, 70. 

Long- Nosed Ox Louse. 36. 

Long-Tailed Oxyuris, 97. 

Louse Fly, 25. 

Lucilia Macellaria, 12, 21. 

Lumbricoid of Horse, 89. 

Lung Fluke, 146. 



204 



INDEX. 



Maggot, 21. 

Maladie Du Coit, 179. 

Mai de Caderas, 180. 

Malignant Malarial Jaundice 

in Dog, 192. 
Mange, 47. 
Mange Mite, 47. 
Margaropus Annulatus, 67. 
Marginate Tapeworm, 160. 
Maw Worm, 93, 96. 
Measles in Swine, 152. 
Measly Beef, 154. 
Melophagus Ovinus, 12, 25. 
Menopon Biseriatum, 13, 41. 
Menopon Pallidum, 13, 41. 
Mite, 43. 
Monadidae, 174. 
Moniesia Alba, 158. 
Moniesia Planissima, 156. 
Mosquitoes, 16. 
Mourning Horse Fly, 19. 
Musca Domestica, 11, 20. 
Musca Vomitoria, 11, 21. 
Muscidae 10 12. 
Muscular Trichinosis, 134. 
Mycotic Stomatitis, 74. 

Nagana, 23, 178. 
Nemathelmintha, 76, 77. 
Nematoda, 76, 77, 81. 
Nodular Disease, 122. 
Non-Psoric Acariasis, 42. 

Oesophagostoma Columbi- 

anum, 78, 121. 
Oesophagostoma Dentatum, 

79, 123. 
Oesophagostoma Inflatum, 

78, 118. 
Oesophagostoma Subulatum, 

123. 
Oesophagostome of Columbia. 

121. 
Oesophagostomiasis, 98. 
Oestridac, 10, 11. 
( )estrus Bovis, 29. 
Oestrus Equi, 26. 
Oestrus Hemorrhoidalis, 27. 
Oestrus Lineata, 29. 



Oestrus Ovis, 12, 28. 
Oidium Albicans, 74. 
Ornithodoros Megnini, 15, 64. 
Otacariasis, 56. 
Ox Gad Fly, 30. 
Ox Louse, 35, 38. 
Oxyuris Curvula, 78, 96. 
Oxyuridae, 76, 78, 95. 
Oxyuris Mastigodes, 78, 97. 

Palisade Worm, 109. 
Paludism in Horse, 192. 
Paper Skin, 104. 
Paragonimus Westermanii, 79. 
Paramphistomidae, 77, 79. 
Parasite, 9. 
Parasitic Otitis, 56. 
Parasitism, 9. 
Pediculidae, 10. 13. 
Pentastoma Taenoides, 71. 
Philopteridae, 10, 13. 
Phthiriasis, 33. 
Pin Worm, 95, 96. 
Piroplasma Bigeminum, 68, 

174, 188. 
Piroplasma Bovis, 188. 
Piroplasma Canis, 174, 191. 
Piroplasma Equi, 174, 192. 
Piroplasma Ovis, 174, 189. 
Piroplasmosis, 189. 
Pirosoma Bigeminum. 188. 
Pit-Headed Worm, 172. 
Plathelmintha, 77, 79. 
Plerocercoid, 172. 
Pork, Measly, 152. 
Portensis Virulentissimus, 188. 
Protozoa, 9, 174. 
Psoric-Acariasis, 42. 
Psorospermosis, 181. 
Psoroptes, 45. 
Psoroptes Communis Variety 

Bovis, 14. 52. 
Psoroptes Communis Variety 

Caprae, 14. 
Psoroptes Communis Variety 

Eaui, 14, 50. 
Psoroptes Communis Variety 

Ovis, 14, 52. 
Psorospermia Oviforme, 181. 



INDEX. 



205 



Pulex Avium, 13, 33. 
Pulex Irritans, 13, 31. 
Pulex Serraticeps, 13, 33. 
Pulicidae, 12. 
Pulmonary Distomiasis, 139, 

146. 
Pulmonary Strongylosis, 100. 

Rainev's Corpuscles, 186. 
Ray Fungus, 75. 
Red Mange, 62. 
Red Water, 68, 188. 
Red-Tail Bot Fly, 27. 
Redia, 141. 

Renal Strongylosis, 99, 115. 
Rhipicephalus Sanguineus. IS, 

66. 
Rhyncoprium Spinosum, 65. 
Ring Worm, 73. 
Rot, 142, 176. 
Round Worm, 81. 

Saccharomyces Albicans, 15, 

74. 
Sarcocystis Miescheri, 174, 

186. 
Sarcophaga Carnaria, 12, 22. 
Sarcoptes, 45. 
Sarcoptes Scabei Variety 

Canis, 13, 48. 
Sarcoptes Scabei Variety 

Caprae, 14, 49. _ 
Sarcoptes Scabei Variety 

Equi, 13, 47. 
Sarcoptes Scabei Variety 

Ovis, 14, 49. 
Sarcoptes Scabei Variety 

Suis, 14, 49. 
Sarcoptes Minor Variety Cati, 

14. 
Sarcoptes Mutans Variety 

Gallinae, 14, 50. 
Sarcoptidae. 11, 13, 45. 
Sarcosporida, 174, 186. 
Saw Fly, 24. 
Scabies, 47. 

Scab Parasites, 11, 47. 
Scaly Legs, 50. 



Schistosoma Bovis, 79, 147. 
Scbistosomidae, 77, 79, 147. 
Sclerostoma Equinum, 109. 
Sclerostoma Hypostomum, 78, 

114. 
Sclerostoma Pinguicola, 115. 
Sclerostoma Tetracanthum, 

78, 113. 
Sclerostoma Tracbealis, 116. 
Sclerostomiasis, 98. 
Scolex, 148, 168. 
bcrew Worm, 20. 
Sheep Bot, 28. 
Sheep Dip, 58. 
Sheep Cad Fly. 28. 
Sheep Louse, 36, 38. 
Sheep Tick, 25. 
Simondsia Paradoxa, 78, 85. 
Simuliidae, 10, 12. 
Simulium Pecuarum, 12, 18. 
Siphonaptera, 10, 12. 
Southern Cattle Fever, 68, 

188. 
Spanish Fever, 68, 188. 
Splenic Fever, 188. 
Spider Tick, 65. 
Spinose Tick, 65. 
Spiroptera Megastoma, 77, 82. 
Spiroptera Microstoma, 77, 83. 
Spiroptera Sanguinolenta, 78, 

84. 
Spiroptera Strongylina, 78, 

84. 
Spiroptera Scutata, 77, 82. 
Sporocyst, 141. 
Sporozoa, 174, 181. 
Stable Fly, 25._ 
Stegomia Fasciata, 12. 
Stephaniasis, 98. 
Stephanurus Dentatus, 78, 

115. 
Stinging Fly, 25. 
Stomach Flukes, 146. 
Stomoxys Calcitrans, 12. 25. 
Stomoxys Stabulans, 25. 
Striped Hvpoderma, 30. 
Strobilus, 149. 
Strongylidae, 76. 78, 97. 
Strongylosis, 98. 



206 



INDEX. 



Strongylosis Bronchial, 99, 

100. 
Strongylosis Gastric, 99. 
Strongylosis Intestinal, 99. 
Strongylosis Renal, 99. 
Strongylosis Vascular, 99. 
Strongylus Armatus, 78, 109. 
Strongylus Arnfieldi, 78, 101. 
Strongylus Contortus, 78, 107. 
Strongylus Convolutus, 108. 
Strongylus Elongatus, 105. 
Strongylus Filaria, 78, 104. 
Strongylus Micrurus, 78, 104. 
Strongylus Ostertagi, 78, 108. 
Strongylus Ovis Pulmonalis, 

105. 
Strongylus Paradoxus, 78, 

105. 
Strongylus Pulmonalis, 78, 

104. 
Strongylus Pusillus, 78, 106. 
Strongylus Rufescens, 78, 105. 
Stronglyus Vasorum, 78, 112. 
Sturdy, 166. 
Surra, 176. 
Symbiotes, 45. 
Symbiotes Communis Variety 

Bovis, 14, 55. 
Symbiotes Communis Variety 

Canis, 14, 56. 
Symbiotes Communis Variety 

Caprae, 14, 56. 
Symbiotes Communis Variety 

Equi, 14, 54. 
Symbiotes Communis Variety 

Ovis, 14, 55. 
Syngamosis, 98, 117 
Syngamus Bronchialis, 116. 
Syngamus Tracheal, 78, 116. 

Tabanidae, 10, 12. 
Tabanus Atratus, 12, 19. 
Tabanus Lineola, 12, 20. 
Taenia Alba, 79, 158. 
Taenia Armata, 150. 
Taenia Armed, 148. 
Taenia Canina, 80, 170. 
Taenia Coenurus, 79, 165. 
Taenia Crassicollis, 80, 171. 



Taenia Cucumerina, 170. 
Taenia Denticulata, 79. 
Taenia Echinococcus, 79, 162. 
Taenia Expansa, 79, 156. 
Taenia Fimbriata, 79, 158. 
Taenia Mamillana, 79, 155. 
Taenia Marginata, 79, 160. 
Taenia Mediocanellata, 152. 
Taenia Perfoliata, 79, 154. 
Taenia Plicata, 79, 154 
Taenia Serialis, 80, 169. 
Taenia Saginata, 79, 152. 
Taenia Serrata, 80, 168. 
Taenia Solium, 79, 50. 
Taenia Unarmed, 148. 
Taeniasis, 148. 
Taenidae, 79, 149. 
Tape Worm, 148. 
Tetrasporous Coccidia, 182. 
Texas Fever, 68, 188. 
Texas Fever Tick, 67. 
Thrombo-Embolic Colics, 111. 
Thrush, 74. 

Thysanosoma Actinioides, 158. 
Tick Fever, 68, 188. 
Tinea Favosa, 74. 
Tinea Tonsurans, 73. 
Trematoda, 77, 79. 
Trichina Spiralis, 79, 132. 
Trichina, Staining, 199. 
Trichinosis. 134. 
Trichocephalus Affinis, 79, 

131. 
Trichocephalus Crenatus, 79, 

132. 
Trichocephalus Depressius- 

culus, 79. 130. 
Trichodectes, 33, 38. 
Trichodectes Latus, 13, 40. 
Trichodectes Pilosus, 13, 38. 
Trichodectes Scalaris, 13, 38. 
Trichodectes Spherocephalus, 

13, 39. 
Trichodectes Subrostratus, 13, 

40. 
Trichophvton Tonsurans, 15, 

73. 
Trichotrachelidae, 76, 79, 130. 
Trombidiidae, 10, 13. 



INDEX. 



20/ 



Trombidium Holosericeum, 

13, 43. 
Trematoda, 77. 

Trypanosoma Brucii, 174, 178. 
Trypanosoma Equinum, 174, 

180. 
Trypanosoma Equiperdum, 

174, 179. 
Trypanosoma Evansi, 174, 175. 
Trypanosoma Lewisi, 174, 180. 
Trypanosoma, Staining, 198. 
Trypanosomidae, 174. 
Trypanosomiasis, 175. 
Tse Tse Fly, 23. 
Tse Tse Fly Disease, 178. 
Turnsick, 166. 

Unarmed Taenia, 148. 
Uncinaria Canina, 126. 
Uncinaria Cernua, 79, 125. 



Uncinaria Radiata, 79, 128. 
Uncinaria Stenocephala, 79, 

129. 
Uncinaria Trigonocephala, 
. 126. 

Uncinariosis, 98. 
Utricles of Miescheri, 186. 

Vascular Distomiasis, 139. 
Vascular Strongylosis, 99. 
Vermes, 76, 77. 
Verminous Bronchitis, 100. 
Verminous Pneumonia, 100. 
Verminous Thrombosis, 111. 

Warble Fly, 30. 
Water Brain, 166. 
Whip Worm, 130, 132. 
Wire Worm, 107. 
Wood Tick, 69. 






















































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